Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
Centre of Geographical Studies and Associated Laboratory (TERRA), Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. IGOT, Rua Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276, Lisbon, Portugal.
Parasit Vectors. 2022 May 10;15(1):131. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05243-5.
Dipilidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum. Fleas and, less frequently, lice act as an intermediate host, and their ingestion is required for infection to occur. While the disease mainly affects domestic and wild carnivores, it is also considered a zoonotic disease, with most human cases reported in children. Dipylidium caninum is considered to be the most common tapeworm infesting companion animals, but dipilidosis in humans is rare. The aims of this review were to improve current understanding of the epidemiology of this parasitosis and its management by the medical and veterinary community.
A comprehensive review of the published literature during the last 21 years (2000-2021) on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures of D. caninum infection and dipilidiosis in companion animals and humans was conducted.
Using predefined eligibility criteria for a search of the published literature, we retrieved and screened 280 publications. Of these, 161 (141 epidemiological studies, 20 case reports [16 human cases]) were considered for inclusion in this review. This parasitosis is present worldwide; however, despite being the most frequent cestode infection in animals, it is often underdiagnosed using common coprological techniques. Its diagnosis in humans has also proved challenging, being frequently confused with pinworm infection, leading to inappropriate treatment and to the persistence of the disease over time. Prevention measures include control of ectoparasites in animals and the environment, as well as regular deworming of animals, most commonly with praziquantel.
The diagnosis of dipilidiosis remains challenging in both animals and humans, primarily due to the low sensitivity of the diagnostic methods currently available and a lack of knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the parasite. Although treatment with the appropriate anti-cestode compounds is well tolerated and results in resolution of the infection, indiscriminate use of these compounds may predispose to an increase in resistance. Given the worldwide distribution of this parasite, it is essential to act on several fronts, with a focus on health education for children and animal owners and the control of intermediate hosts, both in animals and in the surrounding environment.
复孔绦虫病是一种由犬复孔绦虫引起的寄生虫病。跳蚤，以及较少见的虱子，作为中间宿主，它们的摄入是感染发生的必要条件。虽然这种疾病主要影响家养和野生食肉动物，但它也被认为是一种人畜共患病，大多数人类病例发生在儿童身上。犬复孔绦虫被认为是寄生在伴侣动物身上最常见的绦虫，但人类复孔绦虫病却很少见。本次综述的目的是提高医学界和兽医界对这种寄生虫病的流行病学及其管理的认识。
对过去 21 年（2000-2021 年）发表的关于犬复孔绦虫感染和复孔绦虫病在伴侣动物和人类中的流行病学、临床特征、诊断、治疗和预防措施的文献进行了全面综述。
使用预先确定的文献搜索入选标准，我们检索并筛选了 280 篇出版物。其中，有 161 篇（141 篇流行病学研究，20 篇病例报告[16 例人类病例]）被认为符合本次综述的纳入标准。这种寄生虫病在世界各地都有存在；然而，尽管它是动物中最常见的带绦虫感染，但它通常在使用常见的粪便检查技术时被漏诊。它在人类中的诊断也具有挑战性，经常与蛲虫感染混淆，导致不适当的治疗和疾病随着时间的推移持续存在。预防措施包括控制动物和环境中的外寄生虫，以及定期对动物进行驱虫，最常用的药物是吡喹酮。
无论是在动物还是人类中，复孔绦虫病的诊断仍然具有挑战性，主要是由于目前可用的诊断方法的敏感性较低，以及对寄生虫形态特征的了解不足。尽管使用适当的抗绦虫化合物进行治疗通常耐受性良好，并能治愈感染，但这些化合物的滥用可能会导致耐药性增加。鉴于这种寄生虫在世界范围内的分布，必须采取多方面的措施，重点是对儿童和动物主人进行健康教育，并控制中间宿主，包括动物和周围环境中的中间宿主。
