Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
Expert Rev Mol Med. 2022 Apr 12;24:e19. doi: 10.1017/erm.2022.12.
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is sweeping the world, threatening millions of lives and drastically altering our ways of living. According to current studies, failure to either activate or eliminate inflammatory responses timely and properly at certain stages could result in the progression of the disease. In other words, robust immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are critical. However, they do not theoretically present in some special groups of people, including the young, the aged, patients with autoimmunity or cancer. Differences also do occur between men and women. Our immune system evolves to ensure delicate coordination at different stages of life. The innate immune cells mainly consisted of myeloid lineage cells, including neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells and mast cells; they possess phagocytic capacity to different degrees at different stages of life. They are firstly recruited upon infection and may activate the adaptive immunity when needed. The adaptive immune cells, on the other way, are comprised mainly of lymphoid lineages. As one grows up, the adaptive immunity matures and expands its memory repertoire, accompanied by an adjustment in quantity and quality. In this review, we would summarise and analyse the immunological characteristics of these groups from the perspective of the immune system 'evolution' as well as 'revolution' that has been studied and speculated so far, which would aid the comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 and personalised-treatment strategy.
由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 引起的大流行正在席卷全球，威胁着数百万人的生命，并极大地改变了我们的生活方式。根据目前的研究，在某些阶段未能及时适当地激活或消除炎症反应可能导致疾病的进展。换句话说，对 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的强烈免疫反应至关重要。然而，在一些特殊人群中，包括年轻人、老年人、自身免疫或癌症患者，这种反应并不存在。男性和女性之间也存在差异。我们的免疫系统进化到可以在生命的不同阶段进行微妙的协调。先天免疫细胞主要由髓系细胞组成，包括中性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、树突状细胞和肥大细胞；它们在生命的不同阶段具有不同程度的吞噬能力。它们在感染时首先被招募，并在需要时激活适应性免疫。另一方面，适应性免疫细胞主要由淋巴细胞谱系组成。随着年龄的增长，适应性免疫成熟并扩大其记忆库，同时伴随着数量和质量的调整。在这篇综述中，我们将从免疫系统“进化”和“革命”的角度总结和分析这些群体的免疫学特征，这些特征是迄今为止研究和推测的，这将有助于全面了解 COVID-19 和个性化治疗策略。
