Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Aug 10;294:115355. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115355. Epub 2022 May 10.
The linden flower (Tiliae flos) has been used for centuries to treat and relieve symptoms of the common cold, throat irritation, and upper respiratory tract disturbances. Traditionally, this herb is administered orally, and thus it undergoes intestinal metabolism. Although it is pharmacopeial plant material, there are no reports about its interaction with human gut microbiota.
The study aimed to determine the interaction between human gut microbiota and the linden flower extracts, resulting in the biotransformation of the extract's constituents and changes in the microbiota composition.
The linden flower metabolites were obtained by incubation of extract with human faecal slurries from 5 healthy donors. The UHPLC-DAD-MS analysis determined the composition of raw extract and analysis of microbial metabolites. The intestinal microbiota isolation and sequencing were used to determine changes in microbiota composition. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the LPS-stimulated human neutrophils model and ELISA test.
After incubation of linden flower extract with human gut microbiota, twenty metabolites were detected and characterized, and three among them were identified. The extract changed human gut microbiota composition but did not cause dysbiosis (change in the abundance of forty-three genera). Raw extract and their metabolites exhibit different levels of inhibition of cytokines production by LPS-stimulated neutrophils, but the reduction of TNF-α production was observed.
The linden flower extract has a beneficial influence on human gut microbiota because it promotes increasing the abundance of bacteria responsible for SCFAs production. The anti-inflammatory effect might be linked to both microbiota composition changes and direct activity of bioavailable metabolites. Increased abundance of SCFAs producers may inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A low concentration of phenolic compounds in metabolized linden flower extract and responsible for anti-inflammatory properties, and the multitude of biological and chemical particles and their interactions may weaken these properties.
菩提树花（Tiliae flos）已被使用了几个世纪，用于治疗和缓解普通感冒、喉咙刺激和上呼吸道紊乱的症状。传统上，这种草药是口服给药的，因此它会经历肠道代谢。尽管它是药典植物材料，但没有关于它与人类肠道微生物群相互作用的报道。
本研究旨在确定人类肠道微生物群与菩提树花提取物之间的相互作用，导致提取物成分的生物转化和微生物群组成的变化。
菩提树花代谢物通过将提取物与来自 5 名健康供体的人类粪便混悬液孵育获得。UHPLC-DAD-MS 分析确定了原始提取物的组成和微生物代谢物的分析。使用肠道微生物群分离和测序来确定微生物群组成的变化。使用 LPS 刺激的人中性粒细胞模型和 ELISA 测试测试抗炎活性。
在将菩提树花提取物与人类肠道微生物群孵育后，检测到并表征了二十种代谢物，其中三种被鉴定。提取物改变了人类肠道微生物群的组成，但没有引起菌群失调（四十三个属的丰度变化）。原始提取物及其代谢物表现出对 LPS 刺激的中性粒细胞产生细胞因子的抑制水平不同，但观察到 TNF-α产生减少。
菩提树花提取物对人类肠道微生物群有有益的影响，因为它促进了 SCFAs 产生菌的丰度增加。抗炎作用可能与微生物群组成的变化和生物可利用代谢物的直接活性有关。SCFAs 产生菌丰度的增加可能抑制促炎细胞因子的产生。代谢菩提树花提取物中低浓度的酚类化合物和负责抗炎特性，以及众多的生物和化学颗粒及其相互作用可能会削弱这些特性。
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