IEEE Trans Haptics. 2022 Jul-Sep;15(3):521-534. doi: 10.1109/TOH.2022.3174229. Epub 2022 Sep 27.
Haptics researchers often endeavor to deliver realistic vibrotactile feedback through broad-bandwidth actuators; however, these actuators typically generate only single-axis vibrations, not 3D vibrations like those that occur in natural tool-mediated interactions. Several three-to-one (321) dimensional reduction algorithms have thus been developed to combine 3D vibrations into 1D vibrations. Surprisingly, the perceptual quality of 321-converted vibrations has never been comprehensively compared to rendering of the original 3D signals. In this study, we develop a multi-dimensional vibration rendering system using a magnetic levitation haptic interface. We verify the system's ability to generate realistic 3D vibrations recorded in both tapping and dragging interactions with four surfaces. We then conduct a study with 15 participants to measure the perceived dissimilarities between five 321 algorithms (SAZ, SUM, VM, DFT, PCA) and the original recordings. The resulting perceptual space is investigated with multiple regression and Procrustes analysis to unveil the relationship between the physical and perceptual properties of 321-converted vibrations. Surprisingly, we found that participants perceptually discriminated the original 3D vibrations from all tested 1D versions. Overall, our results indicate that spectral, temporal, and directional attributes may all contribute to the perceived similarities of vibration signals.
触觉研究人员通常努力通过宽带宽执行器提供逼真的振动触觉反馈；然而，这些执行器通常只能产生单轴振动，而不是像自然工具介导的相互作用中那样的 3D 振动。因此，已经开发了几种三到一（321）维降维算法，将 3D 振动组合成 1D 振动。令人惊讶的是，321 转换振动的感知质量从未与原始 3D 信号的渲染进行全面比较。在这项研究中，我们使用磁悬浮触觉接口开发了一种多维振动渲染系统。我们验证了该系统生成通过敲击和拖动与四个表面交互记录的逼真 3D 振动的能力。然后，我们进行了一项包含 15 名参与者的研究，以测量五种 321 算法（SAZ、SUM、VM、DFT、PCA）与原始录音之间的感知差异。使用多元回归和普罗克鲁斯分析研究感知空间，以揭示 321 转换振动的物理和感知特性之间的关系。令人惊讶的是，我们发现参与者从所有测试的 1D 版本中感知到了原始的 3D 振动之间的差异。总体而言，我们的结果表明，光谱、时间和方向属性都可能有助于振动信号的感知相似性。
