Jiménez-Acosta Miguel Antonio, Hernández Lory Jhenifer Rochin, Cristerna Mayte Lizeth Padilla, Meraz-Ríos Marco Alejandro
Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 México City, México.
Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;18(3):299-321. doi: 10.2174/1574888X17666220511153133.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewing cells found in almost all postnatal organs and tissues in the perivascular region. These cells have a high capacity for mesodermal differentiation; however, numerous studies have shown that MSCs can also differentiate into cells of endodermal and ectodermal lineages. Due to this multilineage differentiation capacity, these cells could function as restoratives of various cell populations after transplantation. However, not only their differentiation potential makes them ideal candidates for this, but also a series of trophic properties that promote regeneration in the surrounding tissue, such as their migratory capacity, secretory and immunomodulatory actions. This review analyzes several MSC transplantation trials to treat neurological diseases, such as demyelinating injury, spinal cord injury, paraplegia, Parkinson's disease, cochlear injury, and Alzheimer's disease. These cells could facilitate functional recovery in multiple models of neurodegenerative diseases and nervous system injuries by using their trophic capacities, reducing inflammation in the injured area, reducing apoptosis, and enhancing endogenous neurogenesis through the secretion of bioactive factors. Furthermore, since cells derived from patients have demonstrated disease-associated differences in various brain diseases, these cells represent an excellent candidate for the study of these diseases, functioning as "a window to the brain."
间充质干细胞（MSCs）是一种自我更新的细胞，几乎存在于所有出生后器官和组织的血管周围区域。这些细胞具有很高的中胚层分化能力；然而，大量研究表明，间充质干细胞也可以分化为内胚层和外胚层谱系的细胞。由于这种多谱系分化能力，这些细胞在移植后可以作为各种细胞群体的修复剂。然而，不仅是它们的分化潜能使其成为理想的候选者，还有一系列促进周围组织再生的营养特性，如它们的迁移能力、分泌和免疫调节作用。这篇综述分析了几项治疗神经系统疾病的间充质干细胞移植试验，如脱髓鞘损伤、脊髓损伤、截瘫、帕金森病、耳蜗损伤和阿尔茨海默病。这些细胞可以通过利用其营养能力，减少损伤区域的炎症，减少细胞凋亡，并通过分泌生物活性因子增强内源性神经发生，从而促进多种神经退行性疾病和神经系统损伤模型中的功能恢复。此外，由于来自患者的细胞在各种脑部疾病中已显示出与疾病相关的差异，这些细胞是研究这些疾病的极佳候选者，起到“大脑之窗”的作用。
