Genome-wide identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs responsive to in rice.

Plant long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of newly emerging epigenetic regulator playing a critical role in plant growth, development, and biotic stress responses. However, it is unknown whether lncRNAs are involved in resistance responses between rice and , a bacterial agent causing rice foot rot disease. In this study, RNA-seq was performed to uncover the co-expression regulating networks mediated by responsive lncRNAs and their candidate target genes. Of the 4709 lncRNAs identified, 2518 and 2191 were up- and down-regulated in response to infection, respectively. Expression changes of 17 selected lncRNAs and their predicted targets with a potential role in defense response were investigated by qPCR. The expression levels of five lncRNAs were up-regulated while their cognate candidate target genes were down-regulated upon infection. In addition, several lncRNAs were predicted to be target mimics of osa-miR396 and osa-miR156. These results suggest that lncRNAs might play a role in response to infection by regulating the transcript levels of their targets and miRNAs in rice.