Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science of Education Ministry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
Water Res. 2022 Jul 1;219:118556. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118556. Epub 2022 May 5.
Biological souring (producing sulfide) is a global challenge facing anaerobic water bodies, especially the oil reservoir fluids. Nitrate injection has demonstrated great potential in souring control, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) bacteria was proposed to play crucial roles in the process. How to durably control souring with nitrate amendment, however, remains undiscovered. Herein, Gordonia sp. TD-4, a DNRA-driven sulfide-oxidizing bacterium, was used to elucidate the effects of bio-augmentation with DNRA bacteria on the durability of nitrate-mediated souring control. The results revealed that nitrate amendment combined with bio-augmentation with TD-4 after souring could effectively control souring and enhance the durability of nitrate-mediated souring control, while nitrate amendment before souring failed to persistently control souring. Nitrate amendment before and after souring resulted in different evolution dynamics of nitrate-reducing bacteria. Denitrifying bacteria were enriched in reactors amended with nitrate before souring or in dissolved sulfide exhausted reactors amended with nitrate after souring. The heterotrophic denitrifying activity of denitrifying bacteria, however, decreased the durability of nitrate-mediated souring control. Comparative and functional genomics analysis identified potential niche adaptation mechanisms (autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrate/nitrite reduction, including DNRA and denitrification) of predominant SRB in nitrate-amended environments, which were responsible for the rapid resumption of sulfide accumulation after the depletion of nitrate and nitrite. Pulsed injection of nitrate combined with bio-augmentation with DNRA-driven sulfide-oxidizing bacteria was proposed as a potential method to enhance the durability of nitrate-mediated souring control. The findings were innovatively applied to simultaneous bio-demulsification and souring control of emulsified and sour produced water from the petroleum industry.
生物酸化（产生硫化物）是厌氧水体面临的全球性挑战，尤其是油藏流体。硝酸盐注入已被证明在控硫方面具有巨大潜力，异化硝酸盐还原为铵（DNRA）细菌被认为在该过程中发挥关键作用。然而，如何通过硝酸盐添加来持久控制酸化仍然未知。在此，使用 DNRA 驱动的硫化物氧化菌 Gordonia sp. TD-4 来阐明用 DNRA 细菌进行生物增强对硝酸盐介导的控硫持久性的影响。结果表明，酸化后添加硝酸盐并结合 TD-4 生物增强可以有效控制酸化并增强硝酸盐介导的控硫持久性，而酸化前添加硝酸盐则无法持续控制酸化。酸化前后添加硝酸盐导致硝酸盐还原菌的不同进化动态。在酸化前添加硝酸盐的反应器或在酸化后添加硝酸盐耗尽溶解硫化物的反应器中富集了反硝化细菌。然而，反硝化细菌的异养反硝化活性降低了硝酸盐介导的控硫持久性。比较和功能基因组学分析确定了硝酸盐添加环境中主要 SRB 的潜在生态位适应机制（自养和异养硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐还原，包括 DNRA 和反硝化），这些机制负责在硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐耗尽后迅速恢复硫化物积累。脉冲注入硝酸盐并结合 DNRA 驱动的硫化物氧化菌的生物增强被提议作为增强硝酸盐介导的控硫持久性的潜在方法。该发现被创新性地应用于同时进行生物破乳和石油工业乳化和酸化采出水的控硫。
