Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Hematology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 5;23(9):5142. doi: 10.3390/ijms23095142.
The skin, oral cavity, digestive and reproductive tracts of the human body harbor symbiotic and commensal microorganisms living harmoniously with the host. The oral cavity houses one of the most heterogeneous microbial communities found in the human organism, ranking second in terms of species diversity and complexity only to the gastrointestinal microbiota and including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. The accumulation of microbial plaque in the oral cavity may lead, in susceptible individuals, to a complex host-mediated inflammatory and immune response representing the primary etiological factor of periodontal damage that occurs in periodontitis. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting about 20-50% of people worldwide and manifesting clinically through the detection of gingival inflammation, clinical attachment loss (CAL), radiographic assessed resorption of alveolar bone, periodontal pockets, gingival bleeding upon probing, teeth mobility and their potential loss in advanced stages. This review will evaluate the changes characterizing the oral microbiota in healthy periodontal tissues and those affected by periodontal disease through the evidence present in the literature. An important focus will be placed on the immediate and future impact of these changes on the modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome and clinical management of periodontal disease.
人体的皮肤、口腔、消化道和生殖道中栖息着与宿主和谐共生的共生和共栖微生物。口腔是人体中发现的微生物群落最具异质性的部位之一，其物种多样性和复杂性仅次于胃肠道微生物群，包括细菌、古菌、真菌和病毒。微生物菌斑在口腔中的积累可能导致易感个体发生复杂的宿主介导的炎症和免疫反应，这是发生牙周炎时牙周损伤的主要病因。牙周病是一种慢性炎症性疾病，影响着全球约 20-50%的人口，并通过检测牙龈炎症、临床附着丧失 (CAL)、放射评估牙槽骨吸收、牙周袋、探诊时牙龈出血、牙齿松动以及在晚期可能导致牙齿丧失等临床表现出来。本文将通过文献中的证据，评估健康牙周组织和受牙周病影响的口腔微生物群的特征变化。重点将放在这些变化对失调口腔微生物组的调节和牙周病的临床管理的即时和未来影响上。
