Løvsletten Ola, Brenn Tormod
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 25;19(9):5219. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095219.
The aim of this study is to examine the association between single risk factors and multiple risk factors in midlife and older ages (up to 64 years) and survival to the age of 85 years in women. The study sample comprised 857 women who attended the second survey of the population-based Tromsø Study (Tromsø2, 1979-1980) at the ages of 45-49 years and were followed for all-cause mortality until 85 years of age. Daily smoking, physical inactivity, being unmarried, obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol in midlife were used as explanatory variables in survival analyses. In total, 56% of the women reached the age of 85. Daily smoking, physical inactivity, being unmarried, and obesity were significant single risk factors for death before the age of 85. None of the women had all six risk factors, but survival to age 85 did decrease gradually with increasing number of risk factors: from 67% survival for those with no risk factors to 28% survival for those with four or five risk factors. A subset of the study sample also attended the third and fourth surveys of the Tromsø Study (Tromsø3, 1986-1987 and Tromsø4, 1994-1995, respectively). Women who quit smoking and those who became physically active between Tromsø3 and Tromsø4 had higher survival when compared to those who continued to smoke and remained physically inactive, respectively. This study demonstrates the importance of having no or few risk factors in midlife with respect to longevity. We observed a substantial increase in the risk of death before the age of 85 among women who were daily smokers, physically inactive, unmarried, or obese in midlife. This risk may be mitigated by lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and becoming physically active later in life.
本研究的目的是调查中年及老年（至64岁）女性的单一风险因素和多重风险因素与活到85岁之间的关联。研究样本包括857名女性，她们在45 - 49岁时参加了基于人群的特罗姆瑟研究的第二次调查（特罗姆瑟2，1979 - 1980年），并被随访全因死亡率直至85岁。中年时的每日吸烟、缺乏身体活动、未婚、肥胖、高血压和高胆固醇被用作生存分析中的解释变量。总共有56%的女性活到了85岁。每日吸烟、缺乏身体活动、未婚和肥胖是85岁前死亡的显著单一风险因素。没有女性具备所有六个风险因素，但随着风险因素数量的增加，活到85岁的生存率确实逐渐下降：从无风险因素者的67%生存率降至有四个或五个风险因素者的28%生存率。研究样本的一个子集还参加了特罗姆瑟研究的第三次和第四次调查（分别为特罗姆瑟3，1986 - 1987年和特罗姆瑟4，1994 - 1995年）。与继续吸烟和保持缺乏身体活动的女性相比，在特罗姆瑟3和特罗姆瑟4之间戒烟和开始进行身体活动的女性生存率更高。本研究证明了中年时无或仅有很少风险因素对于长寿的重要性。我们观察到中年时每日吸烟、缺乏身体活动、未婚或肥胖的女性在85岁前死亡风险大幅增加。这种风险可能通过生活方式的改变来减轻，比如在晚年戒烟和开始进行身体活动。
