Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 26;19(9):5288. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095288.
The literature has long highlighted the benefits of sport, but too much sport could indicate a dependence without a substance, namely exercise dependence. The literature has only recently investigated this issue and therefore several questions are open, particularly with regard to psychopathological significance and gender differences. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether young subjects (M = 20 years) with a risk of exercise dependency and non-dependent symptomatic display other behavioural and psychological suffering and discomforts, or whether such an investment in physical activity is compatible with a framework of relative well-being; and if there are differences related to gender. A total of 396 subjects were involved in this study. Exercise Dependence Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and an ad hoc questionnaire with information relating to the consumption of alcohol, soft and hard drugs, quality of sleep and nutrition, affective and friendship relationships, hobbies, presence of psychological or physical disorders, motivations for sporting activity, and any traumatic experiences were used. With regard to the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), the prevalence of subjects at risk of exercise dependence was 1.5% and that of non-dependents symptomatic was 31.3%. Considering only men, the percentage of subjects at risk of exercise dependence rose to 3% and that of non-dependents symptomatic to 47.9%. Our data support the hypothesis that the risk of exercise dependence and the symptomatic condition without dependence can occur in situations of relative well-being (happiness, satisfaction, relationships) without significant associations with other problematic behaviours. Modest consumption of soft drugs is reported in non-dependent symptomatic subjects. The hypothesis of increased levels of alexithymia is confirmed but limited to the male gender. Gender differences are confirmed in the frequency and motivation to practice sport and in the risk of dependence. It is important that the assessment of addiction risk is integrated with the assessment of alexithymia and personal and social resources over time.
文献长期以来一直强调运动的好处，但过度运动可能表明没有物质的依赖，即运动依赖。文献只是最近才研究了这个问题，因此还有几个问题尚未解决，特别是在心理病理学意义和性别差异方面。本文旨在探讨是否具有运动依赖风险和无依赖症状的年轻受试者（M=20 岁）表现出其他行为和心理痛苦和不适，或者这种对身体活动的投入是否与相对幸福感框架兼容；以及是否存在与性别相关的差异。共有 396 名受试者参与了这项研究。使用了运动依赖量表、多伦多述情障碍量表、主观幸福感量表、生活满意度量表以及一份专门的问卷，其中包含有关酒精、软毒品和硬毒品、睡眠和营养质量、情感和友谊关系、爱好、心理或身体障碍、运动活动动机以及任何创伤经历的信息。关于运动依赖量表（EDS），具有运动依赖风险的受试者的患病率为 1.5%，无症状依赖的患病率为 31.3%。仅考虑男性，具有运动依赖风险的受试者的比例上升到 3%，无症状依赖的比例上升到 47.9%。我们的数据支持这样的假设，即运动依赖的风险和无症状的依赖状态可能发生在相对幸福（幸福、满足、关系）的情况下，与其他有问题的行为没有显著关联。在无症状依赖的受试者中报告了适度的软毒品消费。述情障碍程度增加的假设得到了证实，但仅限于男性。在运动的频率和动机以及依赖风险方面，性别差异得到了证实。重要的是，随着时间的推移，成瘾风险的评估应与述情障碍和个人及社会资源的评估相结合。
