Faculty of Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
Department of Sport Science, University of Health and Sports, 85737 Ismaning, Germany.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 28;19(9):5369. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095369.
This narrative review deals with the topic of strength training in swimming, which has been a controversial issue for decades. It is not only about the importance for the performance at start, turn and swim speed, but also about the question of how to design a strength training program. Different approaches are discussed in the literature, with two aspects in the foreground. On the one hand is the discussion about the optimal intensity in strength training and, on the other hand, is the question of how specific strength training should be designed. In addition to a summary of the current state of research regarding the importance of strength training for swimming, the article shows which physiological adaptations should be achieved in order to be able to increase performance in the long term. Furthermore, an attempt is made to explain why some training contents seem to be rather unsuitable when it comes to increasing strength as a basis for higher performance in the start, turn and clean swimming. Practical training consequences are then derived from this. Regardless of the athlete's performance development, preventive aspects should also be considered in the discussion. The article provides a critical overview of the abovementioned key issues. The most important points when designing a strength training program for swimming are a sufficiently high-load intensity to increase maximum strength, which in turn is the basis for power, year-round strength training, parallel to swim training and working on the transfer of acquired strength skills in swim training, and not through supposedly specific strength training exercises on land or in the water.
这篇叙述性评论涉及游泳中的力量训练问题，几十年来，这个话题一直存在争议。它不仅关乎在出发、转身和游泳速度方面的重要性，还关乎如何设计力量训练计划的问题。文献中讨论了不同的方法，其中两个方面较为突出。一方面是关于力量训练最佳强度的讨论，另一方面是关于力量训练应该如何具体设计的问题。除了总结关于力量训练对游泳重要性的研究现状外，本文还展示了为了能够长期提高成绩，应该实现哪些生理适应。此外，还试图解释为什么在提高出发、转身和干净游泳的基础力量以提高成绩方面，某些训练内容似乎不太合适。然后，从这一点出发得出了实际的训练结果。无论运动员的表现如何，在讨论中还应考虑预防方面。本文对上述关键问题进行了批判性的综述。为游泳设计力量训练计划的最重要要点是，为了提高最大力量，需要有足够高的负荷强度，而最大力量反过来又是力量的基础，也是全年进行力量训练的基础，与游泳训练并行，并在游泳训练中努力实现所获得的力量技能的转移，而不是通过陆上或水中所谓的专项力量训练练习。
