Department of Tourism Geography and Ecology, Institute of Tourism, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, University of Physical Education in Cracow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland.
Department of Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Palaeobotany, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 5;19(9):5621. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095621.
Urban forests and parks are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity as well as human health and well-being. Residents and tourists commonly use urban forests and parks for recreational and sport purposes, contributing to changes in vegetation. This study aimed to assess the effect of distance from formal paths on the abiotic conditions, vegetation cover, as well as ecological diversity of vascular plant species in the undergrowth of urban forests and parks. The investigations were carried out in 2021 in 10 urban forests and 10 urban parks located in Kraków (southern Poland), using a total of 400 plots (1 × 1 m) situated in close (CL) and further (FU) vicinity of formal paths. We found a positive effect of the distance from the path on the depth of the compact soil layer, vegetation cover and height of the tallest shoot in the undergrowth of urban forests and parks. On the other hand, the distance from the path had a negative effect on the number of vascular plant species in the undergrowth in both forests and parks. Forests and parks differed significantly from each other in light intensity, the content of P in soil, depth of compact soil layer, number of species, as well as in cover-abundance of species representing different life forms, dispersal types, habitat affiliations and origins. Trampling leads to low plant cover and height of the undergrowth, as well as contributing to shallow localization of the compact soil layer near paths. Human movement on paths (walking, running, biking) with accompanying pets contributes to the successful dispersal of plants, resulting in high species richness. High light intensity in urban parks enhances the total number of species, cover-abundance of meadow and grassland plants, as well as cover-abundance of hemicryptophytes. The number of alien species was higher in parks than in forests, but the cover-abundance of alien plants was higher in forests than in parks. Urban forests are more suitable for the growth and biomass production of some alien herbs than urban parks, as mowing commonly used in parks appears to be an important factor in reducing their cover abundance. Regular fertilization and irrigation contribute to the high content of phosphorus in the soil, as well as to the high cover-abundance of meadow and grassland plants in urban parks. Urban forests enhance cover abundance of plants with dispersal mechanisms of the and types, whereas urban parks promote cover abundance of plants with the dispersal of the type. Further study is needed to confirm the role of urban forests and parks in the preservation of ancient forest species, as well as to develop an appropriate design of paths that will allow the protection of vegetation and soil in urban forests and parks.
城市森林和公园对于维护生物多样性以及人类健康和福祉至关重要。居民和游客通常将城市森林和公园用于娱乐和体育目的，这导致了植被的变化。本研究旨在评估距离正规路径的远近对城市森林和公园下层植被物种的非生物条件、植被覆盖和生态多样性的影响。2021 年，在波兰南部克拉科夫的 10 个城市森林和 10 个城市公园中进行了调查，总共使用了 400 个（1 × 1 平方米）位于正规路径附近（CL）和较远（FU）的样方。我们发现，距离路径的远近对城市森林和公园下层土壤紧实层的深度、植被覆盖和最高芽的高度有积极影响。另一方面，距离路径的远近对森林和公园下层的维管束植物物种数量有负面影响。森林和公园之间在光照强度、土壤中磷的含量、紧实土壤层的深度、物种数量以及不同生活型、扩散类型、生境归属和起源的物种的覆盖多度等方面存在显著差异。践踏会导致植被覆盖度和下层高度降低，并导致紧实土壤层在靠近路径的地方浅层化。人在路径上的活动（行走、跑步、骑自行车）和随行宠物的活动有助于植物的成功扩散，从而导致物种丰富度高。城市公园中的高光强度增加了物种总数、草地和草原植物的覆盖多度，以及半隐花植物的覆盖多度。公园中的外来物种数量高于森林，但森林中的外来植物覆盖多度高于公园。与公园相比，城市森林更适合一些外来草本植物的生长和生物量生产，因为公园中常用的修剪似乎是降低其覆盖多度的重要因素。定期施肥和灌溉导致土壤中磷含量高，以及城市公园中草地和草原植物的覆盖多度高。城市森林增加了 和 扩散机制植物的覆盖多度，而城市公园则促进了 扩散机制植物的覆盖多度。需要进一步的研究来确认城市森林和公园在保护古老森林物种方面的作用，并制定适当的路径设计，以保护城市森林和公园中的植被和土壤。
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