Mikuła Anna, Tomiczak Karolina, Grzyb Małgorzata, Tomaszewicz Wojciech
Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin Prawdziwka 2 02-973 Warsaw.
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Postepy Biochem. 2022 Feb 13;68(1):24-37. doi: 10.18388/pb.2021_403. Print 2021 Mar 31.
Plant cells possess the remarkable ability to adapt to environmental changes. It is manifested by formation of embryos directly from the cells of plant body, bypassing the fertilization stage. These embryo structures develop into complete plants. The process itself, to distinguish the path of formation and emphasize consistency with zygotic embryogenesis, is referred to as somatic embryogenesis (SE). Although more than 60 years have passed since the first publication on the phenomenon has been written, the mechanism of reprogramming of a somatic cell into an embryogenic one is still not fully understood. This is a critical step in SE that can be induced by exo- and endogenous factors and stress treatments. The exposition of plant material to these factors affects the reorganization of the chromatin structure and gene expression, which can consequently trigger the program of embryogenesis. The paper reviews current knowledge on how the identity of totipotent cells is determined and the which stimuli are required to reprogram somatic cell development. Knowledge of key molecular regulators and the network of relationships that control the SE induction is summarized. Issues that are important for enhancing the understanding of the mechanisms underlying totipotency are also defined. Finally, the practical potential of SE is demonstrated, and examples of its use are provided.
植物细胞具有适应环境变化的非凡能力。这表现为直接从植物体细胞形成胚胎，绕过受精阶段。这些胚胎结构发育成完整的植株。为了区分形成途径并强调与合子胚发生的一致性，这一过程本身被称为体细胞胚胎发生（SE）。尽管自首次发表关于该现象的文章以来已经过去了60多年，但体细胞重编程为胚性细胞的机制仍未完全了解。这是体细胞胚胎发生中的关键步骤，可由外源性和内源性因素以及胁迫处理诱导。将植物材料暴露于这些因素会影响染色质结构的重组和基因表达，进而可能触发胚胎发生程序。本文综述了关于全能细胞身份如何确定以及重编程体细胞发育需要哪些刺激的当前知识。总结了关键分子调节因子以及控制体细胞胚胎发生诱导的关系网络的知识。还定义了对于增强对全能性潜在机制理解很重要的问题。最后，展示了体细胞胚胎发生的实际潜力，并提供了其应用实例。
