Kurniawan Fery, Adrianto Luky, Bengen Dietriech Geoffrey, Prasetyo Lilik Budi
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Kampus IPB Dramaga, Jl Raya Dramaga, Bogor, West Java 16680 Indonesia.
Center for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Kampus IPB Baranangsiang, Jl. Raya Pajajaran No. 1, Bogor, West Java 16127 Indonesia.
Environ Dev Sustain. 2022 May 10:1-27. doi: 10.1007/s10668-022-02382-8.
Tourism is one of the most important issues facing marine protected areas (MPAs) and small islands worldwide. Tourism development is considered a contribution to pollution levels in the environment. This paper aims to evaluate the hypothetical effects of tourism development on water quality spatially and temporally using the coastal water quality index (CWQI) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in search of improved management for marine conservation areas. This study showed significant tourism influences on the CWQI in the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Lombok, Indonesia. Water quality variability indicates a significant spatiotemporal difference ( < 0.05) in the two tourism seasons. During the peak season of tourism, the CWQI decreased to poor conditions, i.e., ranging from 9.95 to 21.49 for marine biota and from 7.98 to 30.42 for marine tourism activities in 2013, and ranging from 39.52 to 44.42 for marine biota and from 44.13 to 47.28 for marine tourism activities, which were below the standard for both marine biota and marine tourism activities. On the contrary, it showed a better level (from poor to moderate) during the low season of tourism (ranging from 41.92 to 61.84 for marine biota and from 48.06 to 65.27 for marine tourism activities in 2014), providing a more acceptable condition for both aspects. The study proved that massive tourism development in the MPA and small islands could reduce water quality and increase vulnerability. Accordingly, integrated tourism management and the environment, waters, and land will be needed to develop sustainable tourism. The CWQI and GIS were applicable to assess water quality, both spatially and temporally, and become a quick reference in monitoring and initial evaluation of impact management.
旅游业是全球海洋保护区（MPA）和小岛屿面临的最重要问题之一。旅游业发展被认为是造成环境污染水平上升的一个因素。本文旨在利用沿海水质指数（CWQI）和地理信息系统（GIS），在空间和时间上评估旅游业发展对水质的假设影响，以寻求改善海洋保护区的管理。本研究表明，印度尼西亚龙目岛吉利马特拉群岛海洋旅游公园的旅游业对CWQI有显著影响。水质变化表明，在两个旅游季节存在显著的时空差异（<0.05）。在旅游旺季，CWQI降至较差水平，即2013年海洋生物的CWQI为9.95至21.49，海洋旅游活动的CWQI为7.98至30.42，这两个数值均低于海洋生物和海洋旅游活动的标准。相反，在旅游淡季，水质状况较好（从较差到中等）（2014年海洋生物的CWQI为41.92至61.84，海洋旅游活动的CWQI为48.06至65.27），为这两个方面提供了更可接受的条件。该研究证明，海洋保护区和小岛屿的大规模旅游业发展会降低水质并增加脆弱性。因此，需要综合管理旅游业与环境、水域和土地，以发展可持续旅游业。CWQI和GIS适GIS发展会降低水质并增加脆弱性。因此，需要综合管理旅游业与环境、水域和土地，以发展可持续旅游业。CWQI和GIS适用于在空间和时间上评估水质，并成为影响管理监测和初步评估的快速参考。
