Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hessian Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Apr 28;13:897029. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.897029. eCollection 2022.
Infection and inflammation are relevant entities of male reproductive disorders that can lead to sub-/infertility. Associated damage of the testis of affected men and in rodent models include leukocytic infiltration, edema formation, fibrosis, germ cell loss and reduced androgen levels. Negative effects on spermatogenesis are thought to be elicited by oxidative stress sustained mostly by increased levels of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Under normal conditions these cytokines have physiological functions. However, increased levels as seen in inflammation and infection, but also in obesity and cancer are harmful for germ cells and impair steroidogenesis. As a summary, there is mounting evidence that the activation of inflammatory pathways is a rather common feature in various forms of male testicular disorders that extends beyond established infectious/inflammatory cues. This mini review will focus on relevant entities and the mechanisms of how a dysbalance of local testicular factors contributes to disturbances of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.
感染和炎症是男性生殖障碍的相关实体，可导致亚/不育。受影响男性和啮齿动物模型的睾丸相关损伤包括白细胞浸润、水肿形成、纤维化、生殖细胞损失和雄激素水平降低。人们认为，对精子发生的负面影响是由氧化应激引起的，氧化应激主要由 ROS 和促炎细胞因子水平升高引起。在正常情况下，这些细胞因子具有生理功能。然而，在炎症和感染、肥胖和癌症中观察到的水平升高对生殖细胞是有害的，并损害类固醇生成。总之，越来越多的证据表明，炎症途径的激活是各种形式的男性睾丸疾病的一个共同特征，这些疾病超出了已确定的感染/炎症线索。这篇小型综述将重点介绍相关实体以及局部睾丸因素失衡如何导致精子发生和类固醇生成紊乱的机制。
