Adil Muhammad, Zhang Shaohong, Wang Jun, Shah Adnan Noor, Tanveer Mohsin, Fiaz Sajid
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China.
Front Plant Sci. 2022 Apr 27;13:825309. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.825309. eCollection 2022.
Winter wheat monoculture is a predominant cropping system for agricultural production in dry areas. However, fallow management effects on soil water conservation and crop yield and water use have been inconsistent among studies. We selected 137 studies and performed a meta-analysis to test the effects of tillage and mulching during the fallow period on precipitation storage efficiency (PSE), soil water storage at wheat planting (SWSp), crop yield, evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE). Compared to conventional tillage (CT), conservation tillage during fallow period overall increased PSE, SWSp and wheat yield by 31.0, 6.4, and 7.9%, respectively, but did not affect ET and WUE. No tillage (NT) had a better performance on soil water conservation during fallow period but a similar effect on wheat yield and WUE compared to reduced tillage (RT) and subsoil tillage (ST). Compared to no mulching, fallow mulching practices overall increased PSE by 19.4%, but had a non-significant impact on SWSp, wheat yield, and ET. Compared to straw mulching, film mulching, and stubble mulching during fallow period, cover cropping as a biological mulching decreased SWSp, wheat yield, and WUE significantly. Wheat WUE was improved by straw mulching but not affected by film mulching and stubble mulching. Strong interactions between tillage method and mulching practices were found for most variables. NT with fallow mulching or with no mulching exhibited a greater impact on soil water conservation during fallow period compared to other combinations. The effects of tillage and mulching during fallow period on soil water conservation and wheat yield and water use also varied with soil and climatic conditions. Overall, NT in combination with straw mulching significantly increased SWSp, PSE, wheat yield, and WUE and can be the best fallow management practice for winter wheat production in varying edaphic and climatic conditions.
冬小麦单作是干旱地区农业生产的主要种植制度。然而，休耕管理对土壤水分保持、作物产量和水分利用的影响在各项研究中并不一致。我们选取了137项研究并进行了荟萃分析，以检验休耕期的耕作和覆盖措施对降水储存效率（PSE）、小麦播种时的土壤储水量（SWSp）、作物产量、蒸散量（ET）和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。与传统耕作（CT）相比，休耕期的保护性耕作总体上使PSE、SWSp和小麦产量分别提高了31.0%、6.4%和7.9%，但对ET和WUE没有影响。与少耕（RT）和深耕（ST）相比，免耕（NT）在休耕期的土壤水分保持方面表现更好，但对小麦产量和WUE的影响相似。与不覆盖相比，休耕覆盖措施总体上使PSE提高了19.4%，但对SWSp、小麦产量和ET的影响不显著。与休耕期的秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和留茬覆盖相比，覆盖作物作为一种生物覆盖显著降低了SWSp、小麦产量和WUE。秸秆覆盖提高了小麦WUE，但地膜覆盖和留茬覆盖对其没有影响。对于大多数变量，发现耕作方法和覆盖措施之间存在强烈的相互作用。与其他组合相比，免耕结合休耕覆盖或不覆盖在休耕期对土壤水分保持的影响更大。休耕期的耕作和覆盖措施对土壤水分保持、小麦产量和水分利用的影响也因土壤和气候条件而异。总体而言，免耕与秸秆覆盖相结合显著提高了SWSp、PSE、小麦产量和WUE，并且可以成为不同土壤和气候条件下冬小麦生产的最佳休耕管理措施。
