Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
Neurosci Res. 2022 Aug;181:17-21. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.05.003. Epub 2022 May 14.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) are still a serious global public health concern more than a century after the German neuropathologist and psychiatrist Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer described the first case. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 50 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, with AD accounting for 60-70% of all cases. In addition, the global dementia epidemic is estimated to affect 82 million individuals by 2030 and 152 million by 2050. Along with genetic factors, environmental factors, and aging also increase the risks of developing neurodegenerative disorders. For example, gut microbiota can serve as non-genetic factors that define a threshold for maintaining a homeostatic balance or developing illnesses. The scientific community has explored and identified that patients with AD often present with dysbiosis of the bowel and dysregulated gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Research describes it as a bidirectional relationship by which the brain communicates with the gut's microbiome through the vagus nerve, immune and neuroimmune systems, enteroendocrine system, neurotransmitters, branched-chain amino acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), agonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHRs), bile acids, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this narrative review, we explore and clarify the involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in AD pathology.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）和相关痴呆（ADRD）是一个仍然严重的全球公共卫生问题，在德国神经病理学家和精神病学家 Aloysius Alzheimer 博士描述了第一例病例一个多世纪后仍然如此。世界卫生组织（WHO）估计，全世界有超过 5000 万人患有痴呆症，其中 AD 占所有病例的 60-70%。此外，全球痴呆症流行预计将在 2030 年影响 8200 万人，在 2050 年影响 1.52 亿人。除遗传因素外，环境因素和衰老也会增加患神经退行性疾病的风险。例如，肠道微生物群可以作为非遗传因素，定义维持体内平衡或发病的阈值。科学界已经探索并确定 AD 患者通常存在肠道失调和胃肠道（GI）失调。研究将其描述为一种双向关系，即大脑通过迷走神经、免疫和神经免疫、肠内分泌系统、神经递质、支链氨基酸、短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）、芳基烃受体（AHR）激动剂、胆汁酸和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴与肠道微生物群进行交流。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们探讨并阐明了微生物群-肠道-大脑轴在 AD 病理学中的作用。
