The Department of Psychology, University of Haifa.
Am Psychol. 2022 Apr;77(3):481-482. doi: 10.1037/amp0000996.
Two main sources of confusion dominate research on trait-like (between-patients) and state-like (within-patient) effects in psychotherapy. The first is that being higher than another person on a given construct (between-individuals differences) has the same statistical and clinical implications as showing increases from one time point to the next on that construct (within-individual changes). However, research shows that it is a mistake to mix together the two effects. The second is overlooking the interplay between trait-like (between-individuals) differences and state-like (within-individual) changes in the same construct, although such interactive effects between the two may reveal critical information for guiding clinical decision-making. Two types of such interplays are briefly discussed, as well as their distinct clinical implications. The first refers to a compensatory effect according to which those with the lowest trait-like levels on a mechanism of change are the ones benefiting most from state-like improvements in that mechanism, so that where you start from need not have a deterministic effect if you are going in a promising new direction; on the contrary, it may point to the most critical state-like change required to return to healthy homeostasis. The second refers to a complementary effect, according to which treatment should focus on identifying individuals' trait-like strengths and capitalizing on them in treatment planning to drive state-like improvement. Differentiating between the two types of interplay is critical for basing treatment planning (determining the required state-like changes) on the individual's case conceptualization (trait-like characteristics). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
两种主要的混淆来源主导着心理治疗中特质样（个体间）和状态样（个体内）效应的研究。第一种是，在给定的构念上（个体间差异）比另一个人高，这与在该构念上从一个时间点到下一个时间点的增加（个体内变化）具有相同的统计和临床意义。然而，研究表明，将这两种效应混为一谈是错误的。第二种是忽略了同一构念中特质样（个体间）差异和状态样（个体内）变化之间的相互作用，尽管这两种相互作用可能揭示出指导临床决策的关键信息。简要讨论了这两种相互作用的两种类型，以及它们不同的临床意义。第一种是补偿效应，根据这种效应，在变化机制上具有最低特质样水平的人，从该机制的状态样改善中获益最多，因此，如果你朝着有希望的新方向前进，起点不一定具有确定性影响；相反，它可能指向恢复健康的稳态所需的最关键的状态样变化。第二种是互补效应，根据这种效应，治疗应该侧重于识别个体的特质样优势，并在治疗计划中利用这些优势来推动状态样的改善。区分这两种相互作用类型对于根据个体的案例概念化（特质样特征）来进行治疗计划（确定所需的状态样变化）是至关重要的。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2022 APA，保留所有权利）。
