Funder D C, Dobroth K M
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Feb;52(2):409-18. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.2.409.
The present study concerns the relation between properties of personality traits and the agreement with which they are applied to real individuals. Subjects rated the 100 personality items of the California Q-Set on nine subjective dimensions, six of which loaded highly on a first principal component. This factor was interpreted as reflecting each trait's "easy visibility" to an outside observer. Actual interjudge agreement in applying each trait to real individuals was assessed in two ways: Self-other agreement was assessed in two independent samples, and interpeer agreement was assessed in three samples. Impressive and stable agreement was found for most Q items. The traits that were applied to individuals with the greatest interjudge agreement were the same ones that seemed most easily visible and tended to be positively relevant to extraversion and negatively relevant to neuroticism (identified through a factor analysis by McCrae, Costa, & Busch, 1986). The results suggest that traits defining extraversion are revealed relatively directly in social behavior and, therefore, are easy to judge, that traits defining neuroticism are less visible and, so, are judged less accurately, and that lay perceivers of personality are generally sensitive to this difference between traits.
本研究关注人格特质的属性与将这些特质应用于真实个体时的一致性之间的关系。研究对象对加州Q分类表中的100个人格项目在九个主观维度上进行了评分，其中六个维度在第一个主成分上有较高载荷。这个因素被解释为反映每个特质对外界观察者的“易见性”。将每个特质应用于真实个体时实际的评判者间一致性通过两种方式进行评估：在两个独立样本中评估自我与他人的一致性，在三个样本中评估同伴间的一致性。对于大多数Q项目，发现了令人印象深刻且稳定的一致性。在评判者间一致性最高的情况下应用于个体的特质，正是那些看起来最易见的特质，并且往往与外向性呈正相关，与神经质呈负相关（通过麦克雷、科斯塔和布施1986年的因素分析确定）。结果表明，定义外向性的特质在社会行为中相对直接地显现出来，因此易于判断；定义神经质的特质较难看见，所以判断得不太准确；而且人格的外行感知者通常对特质之间的这种差异很敏感。
