IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine, (IGH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France.
Clinical Research and Epidemiology Unit, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2453:477-531. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2115-8_24.
The variable domains (V-DOMAIN) of the antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies and T cell receptors (TR), which specifically recognize the antigens show a huge diversity in their sequences. This diversity results from the complex mechanisms involved in the synthesis of these domains at the DNA level (rearrangements of the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes; N-diversity; and, for the IG, somatic hypermutations). The recognition of V, D, and J as "genes" and their entry in databases mark the creation of IMGT by Marie-Paule Lefranc, and the origin of immunoinformatics in 1989. For 30 years, IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system http://www.imgt.org , has implemented databases and developed tools for IG and TR immunoinformatics, based on the IMGT Scientific chart rules and IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts and axioms, and more particularly, the princeps ones: IMGT genes and alleles (CLASSIFICATION axiom) and the IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Collier de Perles (NUMEROTATION axiom). This chapter describes the online tools for the characterization and annotation of the expressed V-DOMAIN sequences: (a) IMGT/V-QUEST analyzes in detail IG and TR rearranged nucleotide sequences, (b) IMGT/HighV-QUEST is its high throughput version, which includes a module for the identification of IMGT clonotypes and generates immunoprofiles of expressed V, D, and J genes and alleles, (c) IMGT/StatClonotype performs the pairwise comparison of IMGT/HighV-QUEST immunoprofiles, (d) IMGT/DomainGapAlign analyzes amino acid sequences and is frequently used in antibody engineering and humanization, and (e) IMGT/Collier-de-Perles provides two-dimensional (2D) graphical representations of V-DOMAIN, bridging the gap between sequences and 3D structures. These IMGT® tools are widely used in repertoire analyses of the adaptive immune responses in normal and pathological situations and in the design of engineered IG and TR for therapeutic applications.
抗原受体、免疫球蛋白 (IG) 或抗体和 T 细胞受体 (TR) 的可变区 (V-DOMAIN) 特异性识别抗原，其序列具有巨大的多样性。这种多样性源于这些结构域在 DNA 水平上合成的复杂机制（可变 (V)、多样性 (D) 和连接 (J) 基因的重排；N 多样性；对于 IG，体细胞超突变）。将 V、D 和 J 识别为“基因”并将其输入数据库标志着玛丽-保莱·莱弗朗的 IMGT 的创建以及 1989 年免疫信息学的起源。30 年来，IMGT，国际免疫遗传学信息系统 http://www.imgt.org ，基于 IMGT 科学图表规则和 IMGT-ONTOLOGY 概念和公理，特别是主要公理：IMGT 基因和等位基因（分类公理）和 IMGT 唯一编号和 IMGT 珠饰（编号公理），实施了 IG 和 TR 免疫信息学的数据库和开发工具。本章描述了用于表达的 V-DOMAIN 序列的特征描述和注释的在线工具：(a) IMGT/V-QUEST 详细分析 IG 和 TR 重排的核苷酸序列，(b) IMGT/HighV-QUEST 是其高通量版本，包括识别 IMGT 克隆型的模块，并生成表达的 V、D 和 J 基因和等位基因的免疫图谱，(c) IMGT/StatClonotype 执行 IMGT/HighV-QUEST 免疫图谱的两两比较，(d) IMGT/DomainGapAlign 分析氨基酸序列，常用于抗体工程和人源化，(e) IMGT/Collier-de-Perles 提供 V-DOMAIN 的二维（2D）图形表示，在序列和 3D 结构之间架起桥梁。这些 IMGT®工具广泛用于正常和病理情况下适应性免疫反应的库分析，以及用于治疗应用的工程化 IG 和 TR 的设计。
