Characterization of Two Highly Arsenic-Resistant Caulobacteraceae Strains of : Discovery of a New Arsenic Resistance Determinant.

Arsenic (As), distributed widely in the natural environment, is a toxic substance which can severely impair the normal functions in living cells. Research on the genetic determinants conferring functions in arsenic resistance and metabolism is of great importance for remediating arsenic-contaminated environments. Many organisms, including bacteria, have developed various strategies to tolerate arsenic, by either detoxifying this harmful element or utilizing it for energy generation. More and more new arsenic resistance () determinants have been identified to be conferring resistance to diverse arsenic compounds and encoded in operons. There is a hazard in mobilizing arsenic during gold-mining activities due to gold- and arsenic-bearing minerals coexisting. In this study, we isolated 8 gold enrichment strains from the Zijin gold and copper mine (Longyan, Fujian Province, China) wastewater treatment site soil, at an altitude of 192 m. We identified two strains, Au-Bre29 and Au-Bre30, among these eight strains, having a high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for As(III). These two strains contained the same operons but displayed differences regarding secretion of extra-polymeric substances (EPS) upon arsenite (As(III)) stress. Au-Bre29 contained one extra plasmid but without harboring any additional genes compared to Au-Bre30. We optimized the growth conditions for strains Au-Bre29 and Au-Bre30. Au-Bre30 was able to tolerate both a lower pH and slightly higher concentrations of NaCl. We also identified , a folate synthesis gene, in the operon of these two strains. In most organisms, folate synthesis begins with a FolE (GTP-Cyclohydrolase I)-type enzyme, and the corresponding gene is typically designated (in bacteria) or (in mammals). Heterologous expression of , cloned from Au-Bre30, in the arsenic-hypersensitive strain AW3110, conferred resistance to As(III), arsenate (As(V)), trivalent roxarsone (Rox(III)), pentavalent roxarsone (Rox(V)), trivalent antimonite (Sb(III)), and pentavalent antimonate (Sb(V)), indicating that folate biosynthesis is a target of arsenite toxicity and increased production of folate confers increased resistance to oxyanions. Genes encoding Acr3 and ArsH were shown to confer resistance to As(III), Rox(III), Sb(III), and Sb(V), and ArsH also conferred resistance to As(V). Acr3 did not confer resistance to As(V) and Rox(V), while ArsH did not confer resistance to Rox(V).