Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France.
Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, INRAE, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
Molecules. 2022 May 14;27(10):3157. doi: 10.3390/molecules27103157.
In nature, living organisms produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites to perform many biological functions. Among these specialized metabolites, some carry halogen atoms on their structure, which can modify their chemical characteristics. Research into this type of molecule has focused on how organisms incorporate these atoms into specialized metabolites. Several families of enzymes have been described gathering metalloenzymes, flavoproteins, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes that can incorporate these atoms into different types of chemical structures. However, even though the first halogenation enzyme was discovered in a fungus, this clade is still lagging behind other clades such as bacteria, where many enzymes have been discovered. This review will therefore focus on all halogenation enzymes that have been described in fungi and their associated metabolites by searching for proteins available in databases, but also by using all the available fungal genomes. In the second part of the review, the chemical diversity of halogenated molecules found in fungi will be discussed. This will allow the highlighting of halogenation mechanisms that are still unknown today, therefore, highlighting potentially new unknown halogenation enzymes.
在自然界中，生物体产生各种各样的特殊代谢物来执行许多生物功能。在这些特殊代谢物中，有些在其结构上带有卤素原子，这可以改变它们的化学特性。对这类分子的研究集中在生物体如何将这些原子纳入特殊代谢物中。已经描述了几类酶，包括金属酶、黄素蛋白或 S-腺苷-L-甲硫氨酸 (SAM) 酶，它们可以将这些原子纳入不同类型的化学结构中。然而，尽管第一个卤化酶是在真菌中发现的，但这个分支仍然落后于其他分支，如细菌，在细菌中已经发现了许多酶。因此，本综述将重点介绍在真菌中发现的所有卤化酶及其相关代谢物，并通过搜索数据库中的蛋白质，以及使用所有可用的真菌基因组来描述。在综述的第二部分，将讨论在真菌中发现的卤化分子的化学多样性。这将突出今天仍然未知的卤化机制，从而突出潜在的新未知卤化酶。
