Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
SUNY, Geneseo, NY, USA.
Memory. 2022 Sep;30(8):1000-1007. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2069270. Epub 2022 May 30.
The production effect is the superior memory for items read aloud as opposed to silently at the time of study. The distinctiveness account holds that produced items benefit from the encoding of additional elements associated with the act of production. If so, then that benefit should be consistent regardless of item type. Three experiments, using three different sets of materials and three different methods, tested this hypothesis. Experiment 1, using recognition testing, showed consistent production benefits for high and low frequency words. Experiment 2, using free recall, showed consistent production increments for pictures and words. Experiment 3, using incidental learning, showed consistent production benefits for recognition of nonwords and words. Taken together, these results fit with the distinctiveness account: Production at encoding dependably adds information to the memory record, regardless of item type or method of testing, producing a consistently reliable memory benefit.
产生效应是指在学习时大声朗读相对于默读，对项目有更好的记忆。独特性解释认为，产生的项目受益于与产生行为相关的额外元素的编码。如果是这样，那么无论项目类型如何，这种好处都应该是一致的。三个实验使用三种不同的材料和三种不同的方法检验了这一假设。实验 1 使用识别测试，结果表明高频词和低频词都有一致的产生效应。实验 2 使用自由回忆，结果表明图片和单词都有一致的产生增量。实验 3 使用偶然学习，结果表明对非单词和单词的识别都有一致的产生效应。综上所述，这些结果符合独特性解释：在编码时进行生成会可靠地向记忆记录添加信息，无论项目类型或测试方法如何，都会产生一致且可靠的记忆收益。
