Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2022 Sep;174:107530. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107530. Epub 2022 May 27.
Huntsman spiders (Araneae: Sparassidae) are among the most speciose spider families, with a near-worldwide distribution, diverse habitats, equally diverse life histories, and five prolonged subsocial species. Previous molecular phylogenies have focused on individual subfamilies or clades. Here, we provide a phylogenetic inference with broadened sampling from 37 genera and eight of the eleven sparassid subfamilies. We increased taxon sampling by including species not previously sequenced and most available data on GenBank of two mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA) and two nuclear (H3, 28S rRNA) genes for a total of 262 ingroup taxa and nine outgroup taxa. Divergence dates were estimated using outgroup fossil taxa suggesting the sparassids evolved ∼ 100 mya (stem age), while the clade containing all subfamilies except Sparianthinae evolved ∼ 90 mya (stem age). Using a stochastic map approach with 40 species, this is the first sparassid phylogeny to incorporate extensive biology and life history data. Correlations of life history traits with solitary, subsocial, and prolonged subsocial behavior are examined using the D-test. Sparassid sociality is associated with life history traits that allow developing spiders to remain in their natal retreat longer (e.g., larger permanent retreats, plastered egg sacs, and ontogenetically delayed foraging), but is unrelated to body size or lifespan. Detailed morphological scoring of the endemic Australian subfamily Deleninae contextualizes existing molecular data, including in the Isopeda-Holconia-Isopedella complex. This study supports the monophyly of many major lineages, including for the first time, the Sparianthinae, but indicates multiple clades (Sparassinae and Eusparassinae) are paraphyletic and need further revision.
狼蛛科（Araneae：Sparassidae）是最具物种多样性的蜘蛛科之一，分布广泛，生境多样，生活史同样多样，还有五个长期亚社会性物种。以前的分子系统发育研究主要集中在个别亚科或进化枝上。在这里，我们提供了一个广泛采样的系统发育推断，来自 37 个属和 11 个狼蛛科亚科中的 8 个。我们通过包括以前未测序的物种和 GenBank 中大多数线粒体（COI、16S rRNA）和两个核（H3、28S rRNA）基因的数据，增加了分类单元采样，总共包括 262 个内群分类单元和 9 个外群分类单元。使用包含外群化石分类单元的分歧时间估计表明，狼蛛科大约在 1 亿年前（主干年龄）进化，而包含除 Sparianthinae 亚科以外的所有亚科的进化枝大约在 9000 万年前（主干年龄）进化。使用 40 种物种的随机映射方法，这是第一个包含广泛生物学和生活史数据的狼蛛科系统发育。使用 D 检验检查生活史特征与独居、亚社会性和长期亚社会性行为之间的相关性。狼蛛科的社会性与允许蜘蛛在其出生地停留更长时间的生活史特征有关（例如，更大的永久性避难所、涂有灰泥的卵囊和发育延迟的觅食），但与体型或寿命无关。对澳大利亚特有亚科 Deleninae 的详细形态评分将现有分子数据置于上下文中，包括在 Isopeda-Holconia-Isopedella 复合体中。本研究支持许多主要谱系的单系性，包括首次支持 Sparianthinae，但表明多个进化枝（Sparassinae 和 Eusparassinae）是并系的，需要进一步修订。
