Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Dev Biol. 2022 Sep;489:47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.016. Epub 2022 May 28.
Neurons are highly polarized cells with extensive axonal and dendritic projections that send and receive signals over long distances. Neuronal polarity requires sorting and maintaining a unique set of proteins to the neuron's distinct axonal and somatodendritic domains. The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized subcellular region located between these two domains and is critical for neuronal polarity. The AIS has a complex and elaborately organized molecular structure that enables its functions in neuronal polarity. Disruption of the AIS is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disease pathologies, thus highlighting the importance of the AIS in neuronal physiology. This review discusses recent progress toward understanding the molecular architecture of the AIS and its importance in neuronal polarity through regulating protein diffusion and vesicular trafficking.
神经元是具有广泛轴突和树突投射的高度极化细胞，能够在长距离内发送和接收信号。神经元极性需要对神经元的独特轴突和树突质域进行分类并维持一组独特的蛋白质。轴突起始段（AIS）是位于这两个区域之间的一个特化的亚细胞区域，对神经元极性至关重要。AIS 具有复杂而精心组织的分子结构，使其能够在神经元极性中发挥作用。AIS 的破坏与神经发育和神经精神疾病病理有关，因此突出了 AIS 在神经元生理学中的重要性。本文综述了近年来在理解 AIS 的分子结构及其通过调节蛋白扩散和囊泡运输在神经元极性中的重要性方面的进展。
