Safriani Novi, Zakaria Fransisca Rungkat, Prangdimurti Endang, Verpoorte Robert, Yuliana Nancy Dewi
Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
Heliyon. 2022 May 21;8(5):e09507. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09507. eCollection 2022 May.
Many edible plants exhibit immunomodulator activities that have beneficial effects on human health. These activities include the ability to activate, multiply, or suppress elements of the immune response. Some of these plants promote health by strengthening host defences against different diseases. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the constituents of several edible plants, their immunomodulatory activity, and mechanism of actions for , sp, , , beans, mushrooms, herbs, spices, and several vegetables. The studies reported here are pre-clinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies (limited in number). The bioactive compounds responsible for the immunomodulator activity of these plants were yet to be identified. This is because the plant is naturally a complex mixture, whilst the immune system is also an intricate system involving many cells and cytokines/chemokines. Metabolomics is a key tool for conducting global profiling of metabolites in a complex system. Therefore, it offers the ability to identify the presence of compounds in plant extracts associated with their immunomodulation effects. Likewise, metabolomics can also be used to detect any changes to metabolites in the cell as a response to treatment. Therefore, affected metabolic pathways that lead to the activation of certain immune responses can be determined from one single experiment. However, we found in this review that the use of a metabolomics approach is not yet fully developed for an immunomodulator study of food plants. This is important for the direction of future research in this field because unlike medicinal plants, food plants are consumed on a regular basis in small amounts with more obvious effects on the immune system. Information about possible bioactive compounds, their interactions (synergism, antagonism), and how the human body responds to them should be studied in a more holistic way.
许多可食用植物具有免疫调节活性，对人体健康有益。这些活性包括激活、增殖或抑制免疫反应要素的能力。其中一些植物通过增强宿主对不同疾病的防御能力来促进健康。在本文中，我们全面综述了几种可食用植物的成分、它们的免疫调节活性以及作用机制，涉及豆类、蘑菇、草药、香料和几种蔬菜。此处报道的研究包括临床前研究（体外和体内研究）以及临床研究（数量有限）。负责这些植物免疫调节活性的生物活性化合物尚未确定。这是因为植物本身是一种复杂的混合物，而免疫系统也是一个涉及许多细胞和细胞因子/趋化因子的复杂系统。代谢组学是对复杂系统中的代谢物进行全面分析的关键工具。因此，它能够识别植物提取物中与免疫调节作用相关的化合物的存在。同样，代谢组学也可用于检测细胞中代谢物作为对治疗的反应而发生的任何变化。因此，从一个单一实验中就可以确定导致某些免疫反应激活的受影响代谢途径。然而，我们在本综述中发现，代谢组学方法在食用植物免疫调节研究中的应用尚未得到充分发展。这对于该领域未来的研究方向很重要，因为与药用植物不同，食用植物是人们日常少量食用的，对免疫系统有更明显的影响。关于可能的生物活性化合物、它们的相互作用（协同、拮抗）以及人体对它们的反应方式，应该以更全面的方式进行研究。
