Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California- Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA.
J Clin Oncol. 2022 Aug 20;40(24):2774-2788. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02566. Epub 2022 Jun 1.
The social stigma surrounding an anal cancer diagnosis has traditionally prevented open discussions about this disease. However, as recent treatment options and an increasing rate of diagnoses are made worldwide, awareness is growing. In the United States alone, 9,090 individuals were expected to be diagnosed with anal cancer in 2021. The US annual incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus continues to increase by 2.7% yearly, whereas the mortality rate increases by 3.1%. The main risk factor for anal cancer is a human papillomavirus infection; those with chronic immunosuppression are also at risk. Patients with HIV are 19 times more likely to develop anal cancer compared with the general population. In this review, we have provided an overview of the carcinoma of the anal canal, the role of screening, advancements in radiation therapy, and current trials investigating acute and chronic treatment-related toxicities. This article is a comprehensive approach to presenting the existing data in an effort to encourage continuous international interest in anal cancer.
肛门癌诊断带来的社会耻辱感传统上阻碍了对此疾病的公开讨论。然而，随着最近治疗方案的出现和全球诊断率的上升，人们的认识也在不断提高。仅在美国，预计 2021 年就有 9090 人被诊断患有肛门癌。美国肛门鳞状细胞癌的年发病率继续以每年 2.7%的速度增长，而死亡率则以每年 3.1%的速度增长。肛门癌的主要危险因素是人乳头瘤病毒感染；慢性免疫抑制的人也有患病风险。与普通人群相比，HIV 患者患肛门癌的可能性要高出 19 倍。在这篇综述中，我们概述了肛门管癌、筛查的作用、放射治疗的进展，以及目前正在调查急性和慢性治疗相关毒性的试验。本文旨在提供现有数据的综合概述，以鼓励国际社会对肛门癌的持续关注。
