Department of Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Department of Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology, Faculty of Language History and Geography, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
PLoS One. 2022 Jun 3;17(6):e0269189. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269189. eCollection 2022.
This article discusses the socioeconomic dynamics of metal consumption patterns in the 3rd millennium BC north-central Anatolian site of Resuloğlu (Çorum, Turkey). The socio-political structure of the site confirms a nonstate, socially complex community with a range of hierarchical and heterarchical expressions. This study presents the results of archaeological, compositional (n = 307), and isotopic (n = 45) analyses of the complete metal collection of Resuloğlu uncovered through two decades of systematic excavations with a well-established chronology. The elemental compositions of metal objects obtained with pXRF combined with lead isotope analysis denote a high diversity in alloy types and sources. The compositional analysis highlights the consumption of various binary and ternary alloys for different object types. The lead isotope ratios confirm the use of both in proximity to metallic sources and access to macro-regional trade extending from the Black Sea coast towards the Taurus Mountain range. The site appears as a part of linkages whereby goods and valuables were exchanged within decentralized networks of middle-range societies. The diversity in metal consumption suggests group-driven choices and networks rather than top-down control of social elites. This allows us to confront the conventional approach to the role of metals as the primary motivator for social complexity and inequality in all parts of the 3rd millennium BC Anatolia.
本文探讨了公元前 3000 年北安纳托利亚雷苏洛格鲁（土耳其科鲁姆）遗址的金属消费模式的社会经济动态。该遗址的社会政治结构证实了一个非国家、社会复杂的社区，具有一系列等级和非等级的表达形式。本研究展示了通过二十年的系统发掘获得的雷苏洛格鲁完整金属收藏的考古学、成分（n = 307）和同位素（n = 45）分析结果，该发掘具有完善的年代学。通过 pXRF 获得的金属物体的元素组成与铅同位素分析相结合，表明合金类型和来源具有高度多样性。成分分析突出了不同对象类型对各种二元和三元合金的消费。铅同位素比值证实了在接近金属来源和进入从黑海海岸延伸到托罗斯山脉的宏观区域贸易的情况下使用了这些合金。该遗址似乎是在去中心化的中等规模社会网络中进行货物和贵重物品交换的联系的一部分。金属消费的多样性表明是群体驱动的选择和网络，而不是社会精英对社会复杂性和不平等的自上而下的控制。这使我们能够对抗传统的方法，即认为金属是公元前 3000 年安纳托利亚所有地区社会复杂性和不平等的主要驱动力。
