Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2022 Aug;75:102558. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102558. Epub 2022 Jun 2.
Synaptic plasticity plays a central role in the study of neural mechanisms of learning and memory. Plasticity rules are not invariant over time but are under neuromodulatory control, enabling behavioral states to influence memory formation. Neuromodulation controls synaptic plasticity at network level by directing information flow, at circuit level through changes in excitation/inhibition balance, and at synaptic level through modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Although most research has focused on modulation of principal neurons, recent progress has uncovered important roles for interneurons in not only routing information, but also setting conditions for synaptic plasticity. Moreover, astrocytes have been shown to both gate and mediate plasticity. These additional mechanisms must be considered for a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of learning and memory.
突触可塑性在学习和记忆的神经机制研究中起着核心作用。可塑性规则不是随时间不变的，而是受神经调质的控制，使行为状态能够影响记忆形成。神经调质通过指导信息流在网络水平上控制突触可塑性，通过改变兴奋/抑制平衡在电路水平上控制突触可塑性，通过调节细胞内信号级联在突触水平上控制突触可塑性。尽管大多数研究都集中在主神经元的调制上，但最近的进展揭示了中间神经元不仅在信息传递方面，而且在为突触可塑性创造条件方面也起着重要作用。此外，星形胶质细胞已被证明既可以控制也可以介导可塑性。对于学习和记忆的全面机制理解，必须考虑这些额外的机制。
