Center for Applied Psychophysiology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA.
Department of Psychology, Truman State University, 100 S. Franklin St., 2400G Barnett Hall, Kirksville, MO, 63501, USA.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2022 Dec;47(4):317-326. doi: 10.1007/s10484-022-09543-5. Epub 2022 Jun 6.
This article celebrates the contributors who inspired Truman's heart rate variability (HRV) research program. These seminal influences include Robert Fried, Richard Gevirtz, Paul Lehrer, Erik Peper, and Evgeny Vaschillo. The Truman State University Applied Psychophysiology Laboratory's HRV research has spanned five arcs: interventions to teach diaphragmatic breathing, adjunctive procedures to increase HRV, HRV biofeedback (HRVB) training studies, the concurrent validity of ultra-short-term HRV measurements, and rhythmical skeletal muscle tension strategies to increase HRV. We have conducted randomized controlled trials, primarily using within-subjects and mixed designs. These studies have produced eight findings that could benefit HRVB training. Effortful diaphragmatic breathing can lower end-tidal CO2 through larger tidal volumes. A 1:2 inhalation-to-exhalation (I/E) ratio does not increase HRV compared to a 1:1 I/E ratio. Chanting "om," listening to the Norman Cousins relaxation exercise, and singing a fundamental note are promising exercises to increase HRV. Heartfelt emotion activation does not increase HRV, enhance the effects of resonance frequency breathing, "immunize" HRV against a math stressor, or speed HRV recovery following a math stressor. Resonance frequency assessment achieved moderate (r = 0.73) 2-week test-reliability. Four weeks of HRVB training increased HRV and temperature, and decreased skin conductance level compared with temperature biofeedback training. Concurrent-validity assessment of ultra-short-term HRV measurements should utilize rigorous Pearson r and limits of agreement criteria. Finally, rhythmical skeletal muscle tension can increase HRV at rates of 1-, 3-, and 6-cpm. We describe representative studies, their findings, significance, and limitations in each arc. Finally, we summarize some of the most interesting unanswered questions to enable future investigators to build on our work.
本文向激励 Truman 心率变异性 (HRV) 研究计划的贡献者致敬。这些开创性的影响包括 Robert Fried、Richard Gevirtz、Paul Lehrer、Erik Peper 和 Evgeny Vaschillo。特兰西瓦尼亚州立大学应用心理生理学实验室的 HRV 研究跨越了五个方面：教授膈肌呼吸的干预措施、增加 HRV 的辅助程序、HRV 生物反馈 (HRVB) 训练研究、超短期 HRV 测量的同时有效性，以及增加 HRV 的节律性骨骼肌张力策略。我们进行了随机对照试验，主要使用了被试内和混合设计。这些研究产生了八项可能受益于 HRVB 训练的发现。用力的膈肌呼吸可以通过更大的潮气量降低呼气末二氧化碳。与 1:1 的吸气-呼气 (I/E) 比相比，1:2 的 I/E 比不会增加 HRV。唱“om”、听诺曼·库辛斯放松练习和唱基本音是增加 HRV 的有希望的练习。发自内心的情感激活不会增加 HRV、增强共振频率呼吸的效果、“免疫”HRV 免受数学应激源的影响，或加快数学应激源后 HRV 的恢复。共振频率评估达到中等（r=0.73）的 2 周测试可靠性。与温度生物反馈训练相比，四周的 HRVB 训练增加了 HRV 和温度，降低了皮肤电导水平。超短期 HRV 测量的同时有效性评估应使用严格的 Pearson r 和界限协议标准。最后，节律性骨骼肌张力可以以 1、3 和 6 cpm 的速度增加 HRV。我们在每个方面描述了代表性研究、它们的发现、意义和局限性。最后，我们总结了一些最有趣的未解答的问题，以使未来的研究人员能够在我们的工作基础上继续进行。
