Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; email:
Annu Rev Virol. 2022 Sep 29;9(1):213-238. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100120-012345. Epub 2022 Jun 7.
Many viruses induce shutoff of host gene expression (host shutoff) as a strategy to take over cellular machinery and evade host immunity. Without host shutoff activity, these viruses generally replicate poorly in vivo, attesting to the importance of this antiviral strategy. In this review, we discuss one particularly advantageous way for viruses to induce host shutoff: triggering widespread host messenger RNA (mRNA) decay. Viruses can trigger increased mRNA destruction either directly, by encoding RNA cleaving or decapping enzymes, or indirectly, by activating cellular RNA degradation pathways. We review what is known about the mechanism of action of several viral RNA degradation factors. We then discuss the consequences of widespread RNA degradation on host gene expression and on the mechanisms of immune evasion, highlighting open questions. Answering these questions is critical to understanding how viral RNA degradation factors regulate host gene expression and how this process helps viruses evade host responses and replicate.
许多病毒通过关闭宿主基因表达（宿主关闭）来接管细胞机制并逃避宿主免疫，这是一种策略。如果没有宿主关闭活性，这些病毒在体内通常复制不佳，这证明了这种抗病毒策略的重要性。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了一种特别有利于病毒诱导宿主关闭的方法：触发广泛的宿主信使 RNA（mRNA）降解。病毒可以通过编码 RNA 切割或脱帽酶直接，或通过激活细胞 RNA 降解途径间接触发增加的 mRNA 破坏。我们回顾了几种病毒 RNA 降解因子的作用机制。然后，我们讨论了广泛的 RNA 降解对宿主基因表达和免疫逃避机制的影响，强调了未解决的问题。回答这些问题对于理解病毒 RNA 降解因子如何调节宿主基因表达以及这一过程如何帮助病毒逃避宿主反应和复制至关重要。
