Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna Village, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
Neural Netw. 2022 Aug;152:542-554. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.05.012. Epub 2022 May 21.
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and brain science are going to have a huge impact on society. While technologies based on those advances can provide enormous social benefits, adoption of new technologies poses various risks. This article first reviews the co-evolution of AI and brain science and the benefits of brain-inspired AI in sustainability, healthcare, and scientific discoveries. We then consider possible risks from those technologies, including intentional abuse, autonomous weapons, cognitive enhancement by brain-computer interfaces, insidious effects of social media, inequity, and enfeeblement. We also discuss practical ways to bring ethical principles into practice. One proposal is to stop giving explicit goals to AI agents and to enable them to keep learning human preferences. Another is to learn from democratic mechanisms that evolved in human society to avoid over-consolidation of power. Finally, we emphasize the importance of open discussions not only by experts, but also including a diverse array of lay opinions.
人工智能（AI）和脑科学的进步将对社会产生巨大影响。虽然基于这些进步的技术可以提供巨大的社会效益，但新技术的采用也带来了各种风险。本文首先回顾了 AI 和脑科学的共同进化，以及脑启发式 AI 在可持续性、医疗保健和科学发现方面的好处。然后，我们考虑了这些技术可能带来的风险，包括故意滥用、自主武器、脑机接口的认知增强、社交媒体的阴险影响、不平等和弱化。我们还讨论了将伦理原则付诸实践的实际方法。一个建议是停止给人工智能代理明确的目标，并使它们能够不断学习人类的偏好。另一个建议是从人类社会中进化出来的民主机制中吸取教训，以避免权力过度集中。最后，我们强调了不仅要由专家进行公开讨论，还要包括各种不同的公众意见的重要性。
