Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America.
Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2022 Jun 9;17(6):e0267500. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267500. eCollection 2022.
Prior work indicates a robust relationship between coffee consumption and lower depression risk, yet no research has examined links with psychological well-being (e.g., happiness, optimism). This study tested whether coffee intake is prospectively associated with greater psychological well-being over time. Secondarily, associations in the reverse direction were also examined to determine whether initial levels of psychological well-being were related to subsequent coffee consumption.
Among women in the Nurses' Health Study, coffee consumption was examined in 1990 and 2002 in relation to sustained levels of happiness reported across multiple assessments from 1992-2000 (N = 44,449) and sustained levels of optimism assessed from 2004-2012 (N = 36,729). Associations were tested using generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution adjusted for various relevant covariates. Bidirectional relationships were evaluated in secondary analyses of baseline happiness (1992) and optimism (2004) with sustained moderate coffee consumption across multiple assessments through 2010.
Compared to minimal coffee consumption levels (<1 cup/day), moderate consumption (1-3 cups/day) was unrelated to happiness, whereas heavy consumption (≥4 cups/day) was associated with a 3% lower likelihood of sustained happiness (relative risk, RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95-0.99). Only moderate coffee consumption was weakly associated with a greater likelihood of sustained optimism (RR1-3cups/day = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00-1.06). Secondary analyses showed high levels of optimism but not happiness levels were modestly associated with increased likelihood of sustained moderate coffee intake (RRoptimism = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.10; RRhappiness = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.99-1.04).
Associations between psychological well-being and coffee consumption over up to two decades were largely null or weak. Although coffee consumption may protect individuals against depression over time, it may have limited impact on facets of psychological well-being.
先前的研究表明，咖啡的摄入与较低的抑郁风险之间存在着强有力的关联，但尚无研究探讨咖啡摄入与心理幸福感（如幸福感、乐观主义）之间的关系。本研究旨在检验随着时间的推移，咖啡的摄入是否与心理幸福感的提高有关。其次，还检查了相反方向的关联，以确定初始心理幸福感水平是否与随后的咖啡消费有关。
在护士健康研究中，1990 年和 2002 年调查了咖啡的摄入情况，与 1992 年至 2000 年期间多次评估报告的持续幸福感（N=44449）和 2004 年至 2012 年评估的持续乐观主义（N=36729）有关。使用广义估计方程，采用泊松分布进行调整，以适应各种相关的协变量。在二次分析中，评估了基线幸福感（1992 年）和乐观主义（2004 年）与持续适度咖啡摄入的双向关系，通过 2010 年的多次评估来衡量。
与最低咖啡摄入量（<1 杯/天）相比，中度摄入量（1-3 杯/天）与幸福感无关，而大量摄入量（≥4 杯/天）与持续幸福感的可能性降低 3%相关（相对风险，RR=0.97，95%CI=0.95-0.99）。只有中度咖啡摄入与持续乐观主义的可能性增加有微弱关联（RR1-3 杯/天=1.03，95%CI=1.00-1.06）。二次分析显示，高水平的乐观主义而非幸福感与持续适度咖啡摄入的可能性增加适度相关（RR 乐观主义=1.06，95%CI=1.02-1.10；RR 幸福感=1.01，95%CI=0.99-1.04）。
在长达二十年的时间里，心理幸福感和咖啡消费之间的关联大多为零或微弱。虽然随着时间的推移，咖啡的摄入可能会保护个体免受抑郁的影响，但它可能对心理幸福感的各个方面影响有限。
