Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden.
School of Public Health, Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 25;19(11):6438. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19116438.
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) produces global estimates of the real situation of access to water, sanitation and hygiene services, and sanitation and hygiene in households, educational institutes and health care facilities; however it is lacking data on schools in Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this research was to assess access to WASH in schools of urban area in Kazakhstan. The study was conducted in seven schools of Central Kazakhstan during the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures. Three data collection methods were used: a questionnaire for administrative staff, a questionnaire for parents and observation. Parents of offline study pupils (only second and third grades due to the pandemic) were included in the survey. Students had access to in-building toilets in all schools connected to the centralized sewer. The number of school toilets varied from 7 (KAZ200085) to 61 (KAZ200089). The average amount of toilets was 28.08 ± 16.97. Only two out of seven schools complied with the requirements of Kazakhstan national sanitary standards for the ratio of school toilets to the number of students. From the questionnaire with the school administrations, it was defined that the primary source of drinking water was the public water supply. All schools regularly disinfect and check the water supply system. At the same time, the results also revealed discrepancies in the answers between administration and parents (2.6% of parents showed that their children have rare access to drinking water), and insufficient monitoring of implementation of WASH services. This study also confirmed that the full provision of access to water and water services in the structure of educational institutions solves several SDG targets.
世界卫生组织/联合国儿童基金会联合监测规划（JMP）提供了关于获得水、环境卫生和个人卫生服务以及家庭、教育机构和保健设施环境卫生的全球真实状况的估计数，但缺乏哈萨克斯坦学校的数据。因此，本研究旨在评估哈萨克斯坦城市地区学校的水、环境卫生和个人卫生服务获取情况。该研究在哈萨克斯坦中部地区的七所学校进行，时间为 COVID-19 大流行和限制措施期间。采用了三种数据收集方法：管理人员问卷、家长问卷和观察。由于大流行，仅包括线下学习的二、三年级学生的家长被纳入调查。所有学校的学生都可以使用与集中式污水系统相连的校内厕所。学校厕所数量从 7 个（KAZ200085）到 61 个（KAZ200089）不等。学校厕所的平均数量为 28.08 ± 16.97。仅有两所学校符合哈萨克斯坦国家卫生标准对学生人数与学校厕所比例的要求。从与学校管理人员的问卷中，确定了公共供水是饮用水的主要来源。所有学校定期对水供应系统进行消毒和检查。同时，调查结果还揭示了管理部门和家长之间的答案差异（2.6%的家长表示他们的孩子很少有饮用水），以及对水环境卫生服务实施情况的监督不足。本研究还证实，在教育机构结构中全面提供获取水和水服务可解决几个可持续发展目标。
