The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya 4290200, Israel.
Israel Handball Federation, Tel Aviv 6948206, Israel.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 26;19(11):6506. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19116506.
The 2016 "empty-goal" rule change in team handball allowed for swift goalkeeper-player substitutions, which opened the door to a variety of tactical solutions that could not be implemented prior to the change. This change is one of many rule changes that have taken place in ball games in general and in handball in particular that were aimed to improve the competition and make gameplay more interesting. Previous literature shows that more often than not, such rule changes have led to unforeseen and undesired effects on players' and teams' behavior and performance. The aim of the current study was to consider the empty-goal rule from the goalkeeper's perspective, as their offense-defense game routine was drastically transformed following the introduction of this new rule. Results of a survey among 95 professional goalkeepers, 80 of whom participated in international matches, revealed that the keepers' level of confidence in empty-goal situations is moderate to high, that empty goal is rarely practiced more than once a week, and that less experienced goalkeepers are more positive regarding this rule change. Additionally, we found that the amount of empty-goal practice is positively related to the approval of the empty-goal rule among goalkeepers.
2016 年手球项目的“空门规则”改变允许守门员和场上球员迅速替换，这为各种战术解决方案打开了大门，而这些战术在规则改变之前是无法实施的。这一改变是球类运动中众多规则改变之一，旨在提高比赛的竞争力和增加比赛的趣味性。之前的文献表明，此类规则改变往往会对手球员和球队的行为和表现产生意想不到和不理想的影响。本研究的目的是从守门员的角度考虑空门规则，因为在引入这一新规则后，守门员的攻守比赛常规发生了巨大变化。对 95 名职业守门员的调查结果显示，其中 80 名守门员参加过国际比赛，他们在空门情况下的信心水平中等偏高，空门练习每周很少超过一次，而且经验较少的守门员对这一规则改变更为积极。此外，我们发现空门练习的次数与守门员对空门规则的认可呈正相关。
