Mandal Subhra, Sunagawa Shawnalyn W, Prathipati Pavan Kumar, Belshan Michael, Shibata Annemarie, Destache Christopher J
School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Jun 6;12(11):1942. doi: 10.3390/nano12111942.
The C-C motif chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) expression on the T-cell surface is the prime barrier to HIV/AIDS eradication, as it promotes both active human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection and latency; however, antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress plasma viral loads to non-detectable levels. Keeping this in mind, we strategically designed a targeted ARVs-loaded nanoformulation that targets CCR5 expressing T-cells (e.g., CD4+ cells). Conceptually, CCR5-blocking and targeted ARV delivery would be a dual protection strategy to prevent HIV infection. For targeting CCR5+ T-cells, the nanoformulation was surface conjugated with anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (CCR5 mAb) and loaded with dolutegravir+tenofovir alafenamide (D+T) ARVs to block HIV replication. The result demonstrated that the targeted-ARV nanoparticle's multimeric CCR5 binding property improved its antigen-binding affinity, prolonged receptor binding, and ARV intracellular retention. Further, nanoformulation demonstrated high binding affinity to CCR5 expressing CD4+ cells, monocytes, and other CCR5+ T-cells. Finally, the short-term pre-exposure prophylaxis study demonstrated that prolonged CCR5 blockage and ARV presence further induced a "protective immune phenotype" with a boosted T-helper (Th), temporary memory (TM), and effector (E) sub-population. The proof-of-concept study that the targeted-ARV nanoformulation dual-action mechanism could provide a multifactorial solution toward achieving HIV "functional cure."
T细胞表面的C-C基序趋化因子受体5(CCR5)表达是根除HIV/AIDS的主要障碍,因为它既促进活跃的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染,又导致潜伏感染;然而,抗逆转录病毒药物(ARV)可将血浆病毒载量抑制到检测不到的水平。考虑到这一点,我们精心设计了一种靶向负载ARV的纳米制剂,该制剂靶向表达CCR5的T细胞(如CD4+细胞)。从概念上讲,阻断CCR5和靶向递送ARV将是预防HIV感染的双重保护策略。为了靶向CCR5+T细胞,该纳米制剂表面偶联了抗CCR5单克隆抗体(CCR5 mAb),并负载了度鲁特韦+替诺福韦艾拉酚胺(D+T)ARV以阻断HIV复制。结果表明,靶向ARV纳米颗粒的多聚体CCR5结合特性提高了其抗原结合亲和力,延长了受体结合时间,并延长了ARV在细胞内的滞留时间。此外,纳米制剂对表达CCR5的CD4+细胞、单核细胞和其他CCR5+T细胞表现出高结合亲和力。最后,短期暴露前预防研究表明,延长的CCR5阻断和ARV存在进一步诱导了具有增强的辅助性T细胞(Th)、临时记忆(TM)和效应(E)亚群的“保护性免疫表型”。该概念验证研究表明,靶向ARV纳米制剂的双重作用机制可为实现HIV“功能性治愈”提供多因素解决方案。