Pelly Fiona E, Thurecht Rachael L, Slater Gary
School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.
Sports Med Open. 2022 Jun 11;8(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00461-8.
The individual determinants of food choice have been extensively investigated in the general population, but there have been limited studies in athletes. A better understanding of the food making decisions can help to target interventions that lead to optimal intake for athletes' health and performance. A scoping review will provide an understanding of the sports and settings that have been investigated, the methods and approaches to assessing food choice, as well as the factors influencing food choice.
The objective of this review was to map the available evidence on the multi-faceted determinants of food choice in athletes and describe key influences impacting their choices.
Athletes 16 years and over from any country who engage in physical activity with the intent to be competitive. Studies were included if they reported the multi-faceted determinants of food choice as either a primary or secondary outcome. All study designs were considered.
This review followed the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews. Eleven databases including PubMed, Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), PsycNET (APA), Health Collection (Informit), CINAHL (EBSCO), the Cochrane Library, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Trove (National Library of Australia), JBI (Ovid), and Google scholar were searched between September-November 2020 and updated in March 2021. Charting of Data Search results were screened with selected studies extracted into a summary table established a priori by the authors. Study quality was assessed using standardised reporting tools for qualitative and quantitative research designs. The scope and quality of evidence was summarised and reported.
A total of 15 studies were included. Qualitative research included one research thesis and six primary research studies using both focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative research included one research thesis and seven primary research studies with cross-sectional design using different validated and non-validated survey instruments. No longitudinal or intervention studies were found. The majority of studies have been published since 2018 and conducted across multiple countries with either mixed cohorts of athletes or focused on predominately endurance or team sports. The quality of reporting was variable, particularly for qualitative research. Outcomes suggested that performance and health were relevant to athlete food choice, with varying impact of competition season, the level of experience, the culture of the sport, the cultural background or nationality of the athlete, athlete sex and the food environment.
More research is needed on the multi-faceted determinants of food choice in different cohorts of athletes, particularly females. Future research could explore the relationship between food choice, nutrition knowledge and diet quality or the change in food choice across the phase of the seasons and through injury and illness. Use of validated measurement tools and robust reporting will enable critical interpretation of the study methods and outcomes for use in practice. Registration OSF Registries: Open-ended registration 25th Sept 2020 https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/4PX2A.
食物选择的个体决定因素在普通人群中已得到广泛研究，但针对运动员的研究有限。更好地理解食物决策有助于制定干预措施，以实现运动员健康和表现的最佳摄入量。一项范围综述将有助于了解已调查的运动项目和环境、评估食物选择的方法和途径，以及影响食物选择的因素。
本综述的目的是梳理关于运动员食物选择多方面决定因素的现有证据，并描述影响其选择的关键因素。
来自任何国家、年龄在16岁及以上、从事旨在具有竞争力的体育活动的运动员。如果研究将食物选择的多方面决定因素报告为主要或次要结果，则纳入该研究。所有研究设计均在考虑范围内。
本综述遵循PRISMA扩展的范围综述方法。在2020年9月至11月期间检索了11个数据库，包括PubMed、科学网（科睿唯安）、SPORTDiscus（EBSCO）、PsycNET（美国心理学会）、健康收藏库（Informit）、CINAHL（EBSCO）、考克兰图书馆、ProQuest学位论文与全球博硕士论文库、澳大利亚国家图书馆的Trove、JBI（Ovid）和谷歌学术，并于2021年3月进行了更新。对数据搜索结果进行图表筛选，并将选定的研究提取到作者预先建立的汇总表中。使用定性和定量研究设计的标准化报告工具评估研究质量。总结并报告了证据的范围和质量。
共纳入15项研究。定性研究包括1篇研究论文和6项使用焦点小组和半结构化访谈的初步研究。定量研究包括1篇研究论文和7项采用横断面设计、使用不同经过验证和未经验证的调查工具的初步研究。未发现纵向或干预研究。大多数研究自2018年以来发表，在多个国家进行，研究对象为混合运动员群体，或主要集中在耐力运动或团队运动。报告质量参差不齐，尤其是定性研究。结果表明，表现和健康与运动员的食物选择相关，比赛季节、经验水平、运动文化、运动员的文化背景或国籍、运动员性别和食物环境的影响各不相同。
需要对不同运动员群体食物选择的多方面决定因素进行更多研究，尤其是女性。未来的研究可以探索食物选择、营养知识和饮食质量之间的关系，或者在赛季各阶段以及受伤和患病期间食物选择的变化。使用经过验证的测量工具和有力的报告将有助于对研究方法和结果进行批判性解读，以便在实践中应用。注册：OSF注册库：开放式注册，2020年9月25日，https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/4PX2A 。
