Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; email:
Annu Rev Nutr. 2022 Aug 22;42:165-200. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122221-103916. Epub 2022 Jun 13.
The intestinal barrier is essential in early life to prevent infection, inflammation, and food allergies. It consists of microbiota, a mucus layer, an epithelial layer, and the immune system. Microbial metabolites, the mucus, antimicrobial peptides, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) protect the intestinal mucosa against infection. The complex interplay between these functionalities of the intestinal barrier is crucial in early life by supporting homeostasis, development of the intestinal immune system, and long-term gut health. Exclusive breastfeeding is highly recommended during the first 6 months. When breastfeeding is not possible, milk-based infant formulas are a safe alternative. Breast milk contains many bioactive components that help to establish the intestinal microbiota and influence the development of the intestinal epithelium and the immune system. Importantly, breastfeeding lowers the risk for intestinal and respiratory tract infections. Here we review all aspects of intestinal barrier function and the nutritional components that impact its functionality in early life, such asmicronutrients, bioactive milk proteins, milk lipids, and human milk oligosaccharides. These components are present in breast milk and can be added to milk-based infant formulas to support gut health and immunity.
肠道屏障在生命早期对于防止感染、炎症和食物过敏至关重要。它由微生物群、黏液层、上皮层和免疫系统组成。微生物代谢产物、黏液、抗菌肽和分泌型免疫球蛋白 A（sIgA）保护肠道黏膜免受感染。肠道屏障的这些功能之间的复杂相互作用在生命早期支持着体内平衡、肠道免疫系统的发育和长期肠道健康。在最初的 6 个月中，强烈推荐进行纯母乳喂养。如果无法进行母乳喂养，以奶类为基础的婴儿配方奶是一种安全的替代选择。母乳中含有许多生物活性成分，有助于建立肠道微生物群，并影响肠道上皮和免疫系统的发育。重要的是，母乳喂养可降低肠道和呼吸道感染的风险。本文综述了肠道屏障功能的各个方面，以及影响其在生命早期功能的营养成分，如微量营养素、生物活性乳蛋白、乳脂和人乳寡糖。这些成分存在于母乳中，并可以添加到以奶类为基础的婴儿配方奶中，以支持肠道健康和免疫力。
