Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Exp Mol Med. 2022 Jun;54(6):711-719. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00785-1. Epub 2022 Jun 14.
Systemic and pulmonary circulations constitute a complex organ that serves multiple important biological functions. Consequently, any pathological processing affecting the vasculature can have profound systemic ramifications. Endothelial and smooth muscle are the two principal cell types composing blood vessels. Critically, endothelial proliferation and migration are central to the formation and expansion of the vasculature both during embryonic development and in adult tissues. Endothelial populations are quite heterogeneous and are both vasculature type- and organ-specific. There are profound molecular, functional, and phenotypic differences between arterial, venular and capillary endothelial cells and endothelial cells in different organs. Given this endothelial cell population diversity, it has been challenging to determine the origin of endothelial cells responsible for the angiogenic expansion of the vasculature. Recent technical advances, such as precise cell fate mapping, time-lapse imaging, genome editing, and single-cell RNA sequencing, have shed new light on the role of venous endothelial cells in angiogenesis under both normal and pathological conditions. Emerging data indicate that venous endothelial cells are unique in their ability to serve as the primary source of endothelial cellular mass during both developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Here, we review recent studies that have improved our understanding of angiogenesis and suggest an updated model of this process.
体循环和肺循环构成了一个复杂的器官，具有多种重要的生物学功能。因此，任何影响血管的病理过程都可能对全身产生深远的影响。内皮细胞和平滑肌是构成血管的两种主要细胞类型。内皮细胞的增殖和迁移对于胚胎发育和成人组织中血管的形成和扩张至关重要。内皮细胞群体具有高度异质性，并且在血管类型和器官特异性方面都存在差异。动脉、静脉和毛细血管内皮细胞以及不同器官的内皮细胞之间存在显著的分子、功能和表型差异。鉴于这种内皮细胞群体的多样性，确定负责血管生成扩张的内皮细胞的起源一直具有挑战性。最近的技术进步，如精确的细胞命运映射、延时成像、基因组编辑和单细胞 RNA 测序，为静脉内皮细胞在正常和病理条件下的血管生成中的作用提供了新的认识。新出现的数据表明，静脉内皮细胞在发育和病理性血管生成过程中，具有作为内皮细胞质量主要来源的独特能力。在这里，我们回顾了最近的研究，这些研究提高了我们对血管生成的理解，并提出了这一过程的更新模型。
