Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
BMC Geriatr. 2022 Jun 14;22(1):503. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03190-5.
Facial ageing is a result of superficial wrinkling combined with changes to the underlying soft tissues and skeleton. The influence of tooth loss, as a geriatric characteristic, on facial appearance is still poorly explained. The aim was to evaluate the facial characteristics of older adults, correlate these characteristics with the dentition and make comparisons with young adults using a non-invasive 3D methodology.
90 participants older than 65 years, classified into 3 subgroups (edentulous, partially edentulous, toothed) and 30 young adults were evaluated. Their faces were scanned with an optical Artec 3D-scanner. Cephalometric analyses were made using the RapidForm computer program. An independent t-test and ANOVA were used for the comparisons. Pairwise, post-hoc tests were applied with respect to the significant differences (P < 0.05).
The faces of older adults are wider and longer because of the longer middle facial height. Older adults also have a longer upper lip, a larger nose, a smaller nasolabial angle (due to the nasal ptosis), narrower upper- and lower-lip vermilions and larger facial and lower-facial-height angles, resulting in a flat facial profile. The facial changes due to ageing are the most pronounced in the edentulous. In comparison with the toothed, they have a smaller facial height due to the smaller lower facial height, larger nasolabial angle, smaller mouth width, shorter upper lip and narrower lip vermilions. Their profile is flatter and their lips are more retruded.
The proportions of the whole face are changed in older adults and they are the most expressed when this is combined with tooth loss.
面部衰老表现为浅层皱纹，同时伴有深层软组织和骨骼的变化。作为老年特征的牙齿缺失对面部外观的影响仍未得到充分解释。本研究旨在评估老年人的面部特征，将这些特征与牙列相关联，并使用非侵入性的 3D 方法与年轻人进行比较。
共评估了 90 名年龄超过 65 岁的参与者，他们分为 3 个亚组（无牙、部分无牙、有牙）和 30 名年轻人。使用光学 Artec 3D 扫描仪扫描他们的面部。使用 RapidForm 计算机程序进行头影测量分析。使用独立 t 检验和 ANOVA 进行比较。对于显著差异（P<0.05），应用了两两，事后检验。
老年人的脸更宽更长，因为中面部高度更长。老年人的上唇也更长，鼻子更大，鼻唇角更小（由于鼻下垂），上唇和下唇红唇更窄，面下部和下部高度角更大，导致面部平坦。由于衰老导致的面部变化在无牙者中最为明显。与有牙者相比，由于下面部高度较小，鼻唇角较大，口宽较小，上唇较短，红唇较窄，他们的面下部高度更小，面下部高度角更小，呈现出更平坦的侧面轮廓，嘴唇更加退缩。
老年人整个面部的比例发生了变化，当与牙齿缺失相结合时，这些变化最为明显。
