Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; email:
Annu Rev Virol. 2022 Sep 29;9(1):173-192. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100120-015057. Epub 2022 Jun 15.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on human health, economic well-being, and societal function. It is essential that we use this generational experience to better understand the processes that underpin the emergence of COVID-19 and other zoonotic diseases. Herein, I review the mechanisms that determine why and how viruses emerge in new hosts, as well as the barriers to this process. I show that traditional studies of virus emergence have an inherent anthropocentric bias, with disease in humans considered the inevitable outcome of virus emergence, when in reality viruses are integral components of a global ecosystem characterized by continual host jumping with humans also transmitting their viruses to other animals. I illustrate these points using coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, as a case study. I also outline the potential steps that can be followed to help mitigate and prevent future pandemics, with combating climate change a central component.
2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行对人类健康、经济福祉和社会功能产生了深远影响。我们必须利用这一代人的经验，更好地了解支撑 COVID-19 和其他人畜共患病出现的过程。在此，我回顾了决定病毒为何以及如何在新宿主中出现的机制，以及这一过程的障碍。我表明，传统的病毒出现研究具有固有的人类中心主义偏见，认为人类疾病是病毒出现的必然结果，而实际上病毒是一个由持续的宿主跳跃所构成的全球生态系统的组成部分，人类也将其病毒传播给其他动物。我使用冠状病毒（包括严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2）作为案例研究来说明这些观点。我还概述了可以采取的潜在步骤来帮助减轻和预防未来的大流行，其中应对气候变化是一个核心组成部分。
