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医疗保险受益人群中癫痫患者使用品牌药和仿制药及总处方费用的变化。

Changes in the Use of Brand Name and Generic Medications and Total Prescription Cost Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Epilepsy.

机构信息

From the Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

出版信息

Neurology. 2022 Aug 22;99(8):e751-e761. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200779.

DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000200779
PMID:35705496
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9484734/
Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

To characterize trends in antiseizure medication (ASM) fills and total prescription costs in people with epilepsy.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of beneficiaries with epilepsy (ASM, plus codes) in a 20% random Medicare sample, with continuous Fee-For-Service coverage (Parts A, B, and D) in 2008-2018. We summed the number of pill days and costs (adjusted to 2018 dollars) per person-year for each ASM. ASMs were categorized into brand vs generic, first vs newer generation, and enzyme inducers vs noninducers.

RESULTS

There were 77,000-133,000 beneficiaries with epilepsy per year. The most common ASM was phenytoin in 2008, which shifted to levetiracetam in 2018 (2008: phenytoin 25%, levetiracetam 14%; 2018: phenytoin 9%, levetiracetam 27%). Brand name (2008: 56%; 2018: 14%), first-generation (2008: 55%; 2018: 32%), and enzyme-inducing ASMs (2008: 44%; 2018: 24%) each decreased over time as a proportion of pill days. The number of brand pill days per person-year initially decreased (e.g., 2008: 250; 2009: 121; 2010: 96) but then plateaued (2013-2018: between 66 and 69) given a notable increase in lacosamide pill days per person (2008: 0; 2018: 20). Total brand name costs per year initially decreased 2008-2010 (2008: $150 million; 2010: $72 million) but then increased after 2010 (2018: $256 million). In 2018, brand name ASMs represented 79% of costs despite representing only 14% of pill days, a 1-year pill supply became 277% more expensive for brand name medications but 42% less expensive for generic medications over time (2008: brand ∼$2,800 vs generic ∼$800; 2018: brand ∼$10,700 vs generic ∼$460), and many common brand name ASMs cost approximately 10-fold more per pill day than their generic equivalents.

DISCUSSION

First-generation and enzyme-inducing ASMs waned from 2008 to 2018. Although brand name ASMs initially waned translating into lower costs and potentially higher value care, after 2010, brand name costs markedly increased because of increasing use of lacosamide plus a 277% increase in per-pill cost of brand name ASMs. Brand name ASMs represented a minority of prescriptions, but the majority of costs.

摘要

背景与目的

描述癫痫患者抗癫痫药物(ASM)用量和总处方费用的变化趋势。

方法

这是一项回顾性队列研究,纳入了 Medicare 20%随机样本中的癫痫患者(ASM 加 代码),他们在 2008-2018 年期间连续接受了Fee-For-Service 覆盖(A、B 和 D 部分)。我们对每个人每年的药丸天数和费用(调整至 2018 年美元)进行了汇总。ASM 分为品牌与仿制药、第一代与新一代、酶诱导剂与非诱导剂。

结果

每年有 77000-133000 名癫痫患者。2008 年最常用的 ASM 是苯妥英,而 2018 年则变成了左乙拉西坦(2008 年:苯妥英 25%,左乙拉西坦 14%;2018 年:苯妥英 9%,左乙拉西坦 27%)。品牌药(2008 年:56%;2018 年:14%)、第一代(2008 年:55%;2018 年:32%)和酶诱导 ASM(2008 年:44%;2018 年:24%)在用药天数中的比例都随时间推移而下降。品牌药的药丸天数每年都在减少(例如,2008 年:250;2009 年:121;2010 年:96),但在拉科酰胺药丸天数显著增加(2008 年:0;2018 年:20)的情况下,这一趋势趋于平稳(2013-2018 年:66-69 之间)。每年品牌药费用起初在 2008-2010 年下降(2008 年:1.5 亿美元;2010 年:7200 万美元),但 2010 年后又有所增加(2018 年:2.56 亿美元)。2018 年,尽管品牌药仅占用药天数的 14%,但却占总费用的 79%,1 年的用药供应使品牌药的价格上涨了 277%,而仿制药的价格则下降了 42%(2008 年:品牌药约 2800 美元,仿制药约 800 美元;2018 年:品牌药约 10700 美元,仿制药约 460 美元),许多常用的品牌药的每片药价比其仿制药贵约 10 倍。

讨论

第一代和酶诱导 ASM 从 2008 年到 2018 年逐渐减少。虽然品牌药起初减少,导致成本降低,潜在的治疗效果更好,但自 2010 年以来,由于拉科酰胺的使用增加以及品牌药每片药费增加了 277%,品牌药费用显著增加。品牌药仅占处方的一小部分,但却占了大部分费用。

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