Shaffer J W, Nurco D N, Ball J C, Kinlock T W, Duszynski K R, Langrod J
Int J Addict. 1987 Feb;22(2):153-65. doi: 10.3109/10826088709027420.
Postaddiction crime rates among narcotic (principally heroin) addicts in five different areas (theft, violence, dealing, confidence games, and other crime) were found to be substantially related to a number of preaddiction characteristics, especially criminal activity and drug and alcohol use prior to addiction to narcotics. Early family influences such as lack of religious training, history of parents' arrest, and use of drugs and alcohol by other family members also appear to play an important role. Early identification of extremely crime-prone individuals followed by intensive intervention efforts might reduce the amounts of crime such persons might otherwise commit.
在五个不同领域（盗窃、暴力、交易、诈骗和其他犯罪）中，麻醉品（主要是海洛因）成瘾者的成瘾后犯罪率被发现与许多成瘾前特征密切相关，尤其是成瘾前的犯罪活动以及吸毒和酗酒情况。早期的家庭影响，如缺乏宗教训练、父母被捕史以及其他家庭成员的吸毒和酗酒情况，似乎也起着重要作用。尽早识别极易犯罪的个体，随后进行强化干预措施，可能会减少这些人原本可能实施的犯罪数量。
