Villard L, Bates C J
Hum Nutr Appl Nutr. 1987 Apr;41(2):135-45.
In view of the apparent paradox of low dietary intakes of vitamin A by rural Gambian women, which is not accompanied by deficient biochemical or physiological indices (Bates, 1983), a detailed study was undertaken, in which dietary intake was remeasured by direct weighed food intakes, coupled with chemical analysis of the carotene content of key food components. This was combined with recall data on dietary patterns in order to obtain a precise picture of carotene intakes throughout a twelve month period, with supplementary information spanning 4 years. Major contributors to dietary carotene intake were mangos (brief period of local availability during the dry season), leaf sauces (mainly rainly season), and small amounts of red palm oil (purchased by the more wealthy families). Preformed vitamin A made only a very small contribution to the diet. For 35 subjects studied during pregnancy in the village of Manduar, the geometric mean home food carotene intake was 0.81 mg/day, and for 61 pregnant subjects from the village of Keneba, the geometric mean home food carotene intake was 0.62 mg/day. However, there were large individual variations. While the efficiency of conversion of carotene to retinol is not known precisely, it is clear that these intakes are considerably below the current recommended dietary allowance for vitamin A during pregnancy, and especially during lactation.
鉴于冈比亚农村妇女维生素A的膳食摄入量明显较低，但生化或生理指标并未出现缺乏的情况（贝茨，1983年），因此开展了一项详细研究，通过直接称量食物摄入量重新测量膳食摄入量，并对关键食物成分的胡萝卜素含量进行化学分析。将其与饮食模式的回忆数据相结合，以获取在十二个月期间胡萝卜素摄入量的精确情况，并辅以跨越4年的补充信息。膳食胡萝卜素摄入的主要来源是芒果（旱季当地供应的短暂时期）、叶酱（主要在雨季）和少量红棕榈油（较富裕家庭购买）。预先形成的维生素A在饮食中的贡献非常小。在曼杜阿尔村对35名孕期妇女进行研究，家庭食物中胡萝卜素的几何平均摄入量为0.81毫克/天，在凯内巴村对61名孕期妇女进行研究，家庭食物中胡萝卜素的几何平均摄入量为0.62毫克/天。然而，个体差异很大。虽然胡萝卜素转化为视黄醇的效率尚不完全清楚，但很明显，这些摄入量远低于目前孕期尤其是哺乳期维生素A的推荐膳食摄入量。
