Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Immunol Rev. 2022 Nov;312(1):61-75. doi: 10.1111/imr.13106. Epub 2022 Jun 16.
Tissue factor (TF) is a procoagulant protein released from activated host cells, such as monocytes, and tumor cells on extracellular vesicles (EVs). TF + EVs are observed in the circulation of patients with various types of diseases. In this review, we will summarize the association between TF + EVs and activation of coagulation and survival in different types of diseases, including cancer, sepsis, and infections with different viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We will also discuss the source of TF + EVs in various diseases. EVTF activity is associated with thrombosis in pancreatic cancer patients and coronavirus disease 2019 patients (COVID-19) and with disseminated intravascular coagulation in cancer patients. EVTF activity is also associated with worse survival in patients with cancer and COVID-19. Monocytes are the major sources of TF + EVs in sepsis, and viral infections, such as HIV, Ebola virus, and SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, alveolar epithelial cells are the major source of TF + EVs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in COVID-19 and influenza A patients. These studies indicate that EVTF activity could be used as a biomarker to identify patients that have an increased risk of coagulopathy and mortality.
组织因子（TF）是一种促凝蛋白，从激活的宿主细胞（如单核细胞）和肿瘤细胞释放到细胞外囊泡（EVs）中。在患有各种类型疾病的患者的循环中观察到 TF+EVs。在这篇综述中，我们将总结 TF+EVs 与不同类型疾病（包括癌症、脓毒症和不同病毒感染，如人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、甲型流感病毒（IAV）和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2））中的凝血激活和存活之间的关联。我们还将讨论各种疾病中 TF+EVs 的来源。EVTF 活性与胰腺癌患者和新型冠状病毒病 2019 患者（COVID-19）的血栓形成以及癌症患者的弥散性血管内凝血有关。EVTF 活性也与癌症和 COVID-19 患者的预后不良相关。单核细胞是脓毒症和 HIV、埃博拉病毒和 SARS-CoV-2 等病毒感染中 TF+EVs 的主要来源。相比之下，肺泡上皮细胞是 COVID-19 和流感 A 患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中 TF+EVs 的主要来源。这些研究表明，EVTF 活性可作为识别易发生凝血功能障碍和死亡风险增加的患者的生物标志物。
