Causal Association between Whole-Body Water Mass and Sleep Apnea: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Growing evidence has suggested that body water content plays a critical role in sleep apnea. However, the causal relationship has not been established. This study aimed to investigate whether increased whole-body water mass is causally associated with a higher risk of sleep apnea using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Body water mass (BWM)-associated genetic instruments were extracted from a genome-wide association study conducted by Neale Lab, which incorporates 331,315 individuals of European ancestry. Genetic variants for sleep apnea were derived from the FinnGen dataset. MR analysis was performed using inverse variance-weighted and weight median methods, respectively. MR-Egger regression and MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier tests were applied to evaluate the directional pleiotropy. In addition, we performed a multivariable MR analysis that includes body mass index, snoring, and waist-to-hip ratio as covariate exposures to address their confounding effects. To elucidate mechanisms of the association between BWM and sleep apnea, we further conducted MR analysis on common edematous diseases. MR estimates showed that per standard deviation increase in BWM led to an increase in the risk of sleep apnea by 49% (odds ratio [OR], 1.490; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.308-1.696;  = 1.75 × 10). The result after MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier correction further supports their causal association (OR, 1.414; 95% CI, 1.253-1.595;  = 1.76 × 10). In addition, the multivariable MR analysis indicates a significant causal association between a higher BWM and increased risk of sleep apnea (OR, 1.204; 95% CI, 1.031-1.377;  = 0.036). Genetic predisposition to a higher BWM was also causally related to increased risk of edematous diseases. Our results suggested that increased BWM is a potential risk factor for sleep apnea. Pathologic edema is a possible intermediate factor mediating this causal association.