Midgley Kayla A, van den Berg Noëlani, Swart Velushka
Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
Microorganisms. 2022 May 31;10(6):1139. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10061139.
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens-especially members of the genus . spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)-in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including . This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.
卵菌纲形成了一类独特的真菌样真核微生物系统发育谱系，其中数百种生物被认为是最具毁灭性的植物病原体，尤其是疫霉属的成员。疫霉属物种拥有大量效应子，有助于在宿主植物中引发感病反应。越来越受关注的是疫霉效应子在调节程序性细胞死亡（PCD）中的作用，特别是过敏反应。已经有许多功能表征研究表明，疫霉效应子要么诱导要么抑制宿主细胞死亡，这可能在其调节半活体营养型生活方式的能力中起关键作用。尽管在用于鉴定和表征疫霉效应子的技术方面取得了一些进展，但对于包括某些重要物种在内的一些物种，仍然缺乏相关知识。本综述讨论了PCD这一术语的含义以及植物中致病性PCD和发育性PCD之间的知识差距。我们还讨论了细胞死亡在疫霉属物种毒力中的作用以及迄今为止已被确定在细胞死亡操纵中起作用的效应子。最后，我们简要介绍了可用于研究效应子功能的不同技术，如细胞死亡诱导/抑制。
