Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
Viruses. 2022 Jun 15;14(6):1312. doi: 10.3390/v14061312.
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a main natural reservoir in wild birds. IAVs are highly contagious, continually evolve, and have a wide host range that includes various mammalian species including horses, pigs, and humans. Furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and cross-species transmissions is therefore essential. This review focuses on what is known regarding equine influenza virus (EIV) virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical aspects, epidemiology (including factors contributing to local, national, and international transmission), surveillance, and preventive measures such as vaccines. We compare EIV and human influenza viruses and discuss parallels that can be drawn between them. We highlight differences in evolutionary rates between EIV and human IAVs, their impact on antigenic drift, and vaccine strain updates. We also describe the approaches used for the control of equine influenza (EI), which originated from those used in the human field, including surveillance networks and virological analysis methods. Finally, as vaccination in both species remains the cornerstone of disease mitigation, vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies against influenza in horses and humans are compared and discussed.
甲型流感病毒（IAV）在野生鸟类中具有主要的天然宿主。IAV 具有高度传染性，不断进化，宿主范围广泛，包括马、猪和人类等各种哺乳动物。因此，深入了解宿主-病原体相互作用和跨物种传播至关重要。本综述重点介绍了马流感病毒（EIV）病毒学、发病机制、免疫反应、临床方面、流行病学（包括导致局部、国家和国际传播的因素）、监测以及预防措施，如疫苗。我们比较了 EIV 和人类流感病毒，并讨论了它们之间的相似之处。我们强调了 EIV 和人类 IAV 之间进化率的差异、它们对抗原漂移的影响以及疫苗株的更新。我们还描述了用于控制马流感（EI）的方法，这些方法源自人类领域使用的方法，包括监测网络和病毒学分析方法。最后，由于在这两个物种中疫苗接种仍然是减轻疾病的基石，因此比较和讨论了针对马和人类流感的疫苗技术和接种策略。
