Adolfo Lutz Institute, Immunology Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Immunology. 2022 Oct;167(2):124-138. doi: 10.1111/imm.13526. Epub 2022 Jul 12.
Vaccines are the most effective tool to control infectious diseases, which provoke significant morbidity and mortality rates. Most vaccines are administered through the parenteral route and can elicit a robust systemic humoral response, but they induce a weak T-cell-mediated immunity and are poor inducers of mucosal protection. Considering that most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, a vaccine that elicits protection in the first site of contact between the host and the pathogen is promising. However, despite the advantages of mucosal vaccines as good options to confer protection on the mucosal surface, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently approved. In this review, we discuss the impact of vaccine administration in different mucosal surfaces; how appropriate adjuvants enhance the induction of protective mucosal immunity and other factors that can influence the mucosal immune response to vaccines.
疫苗是控制传染病的最有效工具，这些传染病会导致很高的发病率和死亡率。大多数疫苗通过注射途径给药，能引起强烈的全身性体液免疫应答，但它们诱导的细胞免疫较弱，对黏膜保护的诱导作用也较差。考虑到大多数病原体都是通过黏膜表面进入人体的，因此，能够在宿主与病原体的首次接触部位引发保护的疫苗很有前景。然而，尽管黏膜疫苗作为在黏膜表面提供保护的良好选择具有优势，但目前仅有少数几种黏膜疫苗获得批准。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了疫苗在不同黏膜表面给药的影响；合适的佐剂如何增强保护性黏膜免疫的诱导，以及其他可能影响疫苗黏膜免疫应答的因素。
