Xia Xiaoxing, Spadaccini Christopher M, Greer Julia R
Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA.
Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA.
Nat Rev Mater. 2022;7(9):683-701. doi: 10.1038/s41578-022-00450-z. Epub 2022 Jun 20.
Rationally designed architected materials have attained previously untapped territories in materials property space. The properties and behaviours of architected materials need not be stagnant after fabrication; they can be encoded with a temporal degree of freedom such that they evolve over time. In this Review, we describe the variety of materials architected in both space and time, and their responses to various stimuli, including mechanical actuation, changes in temperature and chemical environment, and variations in electromagnetic fields. We highlight the additive manufacturing methods that can precisely prescribe complex geometries and local inhomogeneities to make such responsiveness possible. We discuss the emergent physics phenomena observed in architected materials that are analogous to those in classical materials, such as the formation and behaviour of defects, phase transformations and topologically protected properties. Finally, we offer a perspective on the future of architected materials that have a degree of intelligence through mechanical logic and artificial neural networks.
合理设计的架构材料已在材料性能空间中开拓了此前未被发掘的领域。架构材料的性能和行为在制造后并非一成不变；它们可以被赋予时间自由度，从而随时间演变。在本综述中，我们描述了在空间和时间上都经过架构设计的各种材料，以及它们对各种刺激的响应，包括机械驱动、温度和化学环境的变化以及电磁场的变化。我们强调了增材制造方法，这些方法可以精确规定复杂的几何形状和局部不均匀性，从而实现这种响应能力。我们讨论了在架构材料中观察到的与经典材料类似的新兴物理现象，如缺陷的形成和行为、相变以及拓扑保护特性。最后，我们对通过机械逻辑和人工神经网络具有一定智能程度的架构材料的未来发展提供了展望。
